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PSYC 1150 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the stream of consciousness

A

a phrase coined by William James (1950) to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings

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2
Q

how do we define consciousness

A
  • an individuals awareness of external events and interval sensations under a condition of arousal (including awareness of the self and thoughts about ones experiences)
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3
Q

what does arousal mean in this context

A

physiological state of being engaged with the environment
e.g. sleeping
- its a state determined by the reticular activating system (limbic brain system)

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4
Q

what are the levels of awareness

A
  • higher-level consciousness, lower-level consciousness, altered states of consciousness, subconscious awareness, and no awareness
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5
Q

what is higher-level consciousness

A

uses controlled processing which is the most alert state of human consciousness, where someone has to actively focus on a goal (i.e. doing a math/science problem)
- likely to involve the pre-frontal cortex

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6
Q

what is lower-level consciousness

A
  • include automatic processes: states of consciousness that require little attention and can be done simultaneously with other processes
  • I.e. being fluent in a language, knowing how to use a smartphone, and daydreaming (conscious, and active partake in dreaming)
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7
Q

what are altered states of consciousness

A

states produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation

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8
Q

what is subconscious awareness

A

it is our thoughts just below the surface of our awareness

  • or when for example you look at a dog and consciously, you’re aware you’re looking, but subconsciously, you are storing info and processing that the thing you’re looking at is in fact, a dog.
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9
Q

what is NO Awareness

A

Sigmund Freud believed that some unconscious thoughts are too submersed in anxiety, guilt, fear, etc. for the consciousness to admit them

  • could also be used to describe being knocked out or anaesthetized

(FREUDS PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH)

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10
Q

how do we define sleep

A

a natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness

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11
Q

what are biological rhythms

A

periodic physiological fluctuations in the body
- menstruation, sleep, body temperature, hibernation

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12
Q

what are circadian rhythms

A
  • daily behavioural/physiological cycles
  • sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, bp, blood sugar
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13
Q

how does our body monitor the changes

A

using the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is a small brain structure that takes input from the retina to measure light cycles, and then the SCN sends info to the hypothalamus/pineal gland to regulate daily rhythms

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14
Q

what are the theories on why we need sleep

A
  • safety, energy conversion (evolutionary perspectives), body rejuvenation, rebuilding, and brain plasticity where sleep enhances synaptic connections between neurone and helps with memory
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15
Q

what is the theory we need sleep from an evolutionary perspective

A

sleep helped animals protect themselves at night, since if they were inactive, they couldn’t become prey or hurt themselves

  • also helped them conserve energy since they weren’t burning calories and could leave the hunting for food in the morning
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16
Q

what are the effects of chronic sleep deprivation

A

decreases activity in the thalamus and prefrontal cortex
- reduces the complexity of brain activity, influence moral judgement and decision making

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17
Q

how may stages of wakefulness are there and what are they

A

using the electroencephalograph (EEG), the EEG patterns shoved 2 types of waves: beta and alpha…

BETA: concentration and awareness, they are highest in frequency and lowest in amplitude, they have inconsistent patterning

ALPHA: when we are relaxed but awake, so the waves become more regular and increase in amplitude (relaxation, drowsiness)

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18
Q

what are the stages of sleep

A
  • stage W- person is awake (alpha and beta waves)
  • stage N1 (non-rem 1)
  • stage N2
  • stage N3
  • Stage R
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19
Q

what happens during N1

A

just falling asleep
- drowsy sleep which lasts about 10 minutes, one may experience sudden muscle movements called myoclonic jerks
- characterized by theta waves, slower in f but greater than alpha waves)

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20
Q

what happens during N2

A
  • muscle activity decreases
  • person isn’t consciously aware of their environment
  • theta waves
  • have sleep spindles important to the role of sleep in memory
  • lasts up to 20 minutes
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21
Q

what happens during N3

A
  • characterized by delta waves
    (slowest and highest amplitude)
  • deepest sleep
  • also called “slow-wave sleep”
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22
Q

what happens during stage R (REM) sleep

A
  • after going through the first three stages
  • sleepers go to stage R instead of N1, where the most vivid dreaming occurs
  • EEG waves has waves similar to beta waves
  • lasts about 10 mins in the first sleep cycle and up to an hour in the last
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23
Q

what are the percentages people spent in each stage

A

60% in light sleep (N1 and N2)
20% in N3
20% in REM

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24
Q

what are important neurotransmitters involved in sleep

A
  • serotonin, notepinephrine, and acetylcholine
  • when sleep cycles start, these levels start dropping until they reach their lowest during stage N3
  • then REM is initiated by the rise in acetylcholine
  • REM ends when there is a rise in serotonin ad norepinephrine
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25
what is insomnia
- inability to sleep - higher chance in women, older adults, diabetics, depressives - 1/4 Americans develop insomnia per year
26
what is sleepwalking/talking
- somnambulism is the term for sleep walking, which occurs in the deepest stages of sleep
27
what are night terrors/nightmares
- nightmare is a frightening dream that awakens a REM sleep - peak age: 3-6 - a night terror is a sudden arousal from sleep
28
what is narcolepsy
- rapid and unexpected onset of sleep - cataplexy (brief paralysis) seems to involve issues with hypothalamus and amygdala
29
what is the difference between manifest content and latent content
- manifest content is the surface content of a dream, containing symbols that disguise the dreams meaning - latent content is a dreams hidden content or its unconscious and true meaning
30
what is the cognitive theory of dreaming
- we can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use to study the waking mind
31
what is the activation-synthesis theory
- dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain and dreams are the result of brain's attempt to find logic in random activity
32
what are psychoactive drugs
- drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perfection, and change mood
33
what are the types of psychoactive drugs
depressant: slow down mental/physical activity (barbiturates, alcohol, tranquilizers) stimulants: increase CNS activity ( amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine) hallucinogens: modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce images (psychedelics: marijuana and LSD)
34
what is hypnosis
- an altered state of consciousness or psychological state of altered attention where one is oddly receptive to suggestions
35
what are the steps of hypnosis
1) minimizing distractions, make the person comfortable 2) concentrate on something specific 3) creates expectations for the hypnotic state 4) suggests events/feelings and when they occur, you are more suggestible to future commands
36
what is the divided consciousness view of hypnosis
- hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into 2 1) flexible 2) hidden observer
37
what is the social cognitive behaviour view of hypnosis
that hypnosis is a normal state in which a hypnotized person behaves how they think a hypnotized person should behave
38
what is the theory of mind
individuals understanding that they and others think, feed perceive, and have private experiences
39
what is incubation
- subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break
40
sleep apnea
sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly
41
common among patients who reported being abducted by aliens
sleep paralysis
42
other species of animals don't sleep as long as humans
they have one hemisphere sleep but the other awake
43
brain region known as your biological clock
suprachiastmatic nucleus (SCN) - located in hypothalamus
44
melatonin is a
hormone
45
Kleine-Levin syndrome
- sleeping beauty disorder - non-stop sleep
46
human sleep cycle repeats every
90 minutes
47
electrical activity during REM is similar to activity
during period of wakefulness
48
during a normal night of sleep, we spent the majority of our time in which stage of sleep
stage 2
49
deep sleep
stages 3 ad 4
50
alchohol suppresses
delta sleep a deep sleep stage characterized by delta waves. Delta waves are brain waves with a low frequency and high amplitude.
51
EEG records small and fast brain waves EEG records sleep spindles in brain waves
stage 1 stage 2 - sleep spindles=short bursts of brain activity
52
delta waves begin to appear in
stage 3 of sleep
53
change in sleep pattern will have the greatest effect on the amount of _____ sleep she gets
REM
54
short, practical, and repetitive dreams VS random dreams
non-REM REM
55
early marker of dementia and parkinsons
narcolepsy
56
paradoxical sleep
- because it includes delta and theta waves | paradoxical sleep is another way of sayig REM
57
REM behaviour disorder
acting out your dreams
58
parasomnia
disruptive behaviors or events that affect your sleep. You might walk, talk or make physical movements to act out a dream.
59
suggested tx for insomnia
sleeping only when tired
60
rebound insomnia
sleeping difficulties after long term use of sleeping pills
61
orexin
- plays a role in triggering sudden attacks of sleepiness - main job is keeping someone awake - people with narcolepsy have too little brain cells to produce this
62
cataplexy
sudden loss of muscle tone associated with narcolepsy
63
surgery to what organ can relieve apnea symptoms
tonsils
64
sleepwalking occurs during ____ sleep
4
65
REM sleep and dreaming
dreams are involved in processing emotional memories and problem solving
66
dream protection theory
perspective that ones dreams contain more info than expected - purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts (freud) and dreams are latent or manifest
67
sexual and aggressive impulses are transformed into symbols that represent _____ in dreams (freud)
wish fulfillment
68
interpretation of the ___ content is expected to reveal ___ content of a dream
manifest; latent manifest= visible, observable content latent= hidden meaning of a dream
69
activation synthesis theory
dreaming results from normal neural transmission and interpretation - dreams occur because of random brain stem signals
70
forebrain
- damage to the ____ can eliminate dreams entirely, even when the brainstem is working properly
71
neurocognitive theory
dreams are a painful product of our ability to think
72
which of the following would be predicted by the dream continuity hypothesis
dreams should mirror life circumstances and events
73
view of dreaming that suggests dreams mirror our life circumstances
dream continuity hypothesis
74
drugs that produce out of body experience
ketamine
75
near death changes to the brain
surges of NTM such as norepinephrine and dopamine - NDE constructed from learned beliefs
76
- surges of which NTM can cause hallucinations
serotonin
77
recent research on deja-vu experiences by clearly and colleagues find that deja-vu arises when
arrangement of elements within a scene is similar to the one previously seen, but not remembered
78
ntm and deja-vu
dopamine excess - temporal lobes characterize deja vu
79
mystical experience drug
psilocybin
80
risk of hallucinogenics
can elicit negative emotions such as fear or paranoia
81
suggestive techniques for altering ones perceptions, thoughts, or beliefs about ones self
hypnosis
82
induction methods for the practice of hypnosis
suggestions about relaxation, well-being, and imagination
83
people who respond easily to hypnotists and hypnotherapists are called
suggestible - 15-20% of people - general public is not well informed about the scientific developments regarding hypnosis - things u remember during hypnosis might b false
84
when hypnotized
in an awake state rather than sleep
85
sociocognitive theory
hypnosis is a normal variation of consciousness rather than an altered state - individuals who are highly suggestible are simply responding to cues from the hypnotist rather than entering that state
86
predicators of whether people will experience a past life memory while undergoing regression therapy
whether they accept existence of reincarnation
87
similarity btwn our responses to hypnosis and responses to psychoactive drugs
influenced by expectations and beliefs - drugs are synthetic and our bodies cant counteract effects
88
____ dependence is motivated by a need to avoid withdrawal symptoms VS ____ dependence is motivated by intense cravings for a drug, even though the drug might cause personal problems
physical psychological
89
use of alcohol or drug to self medicate
tension reduction hypothesis
90
trouble coordinating and incoherent speech BAC
around 0.10
91
BAC for unconsciousness
0.40
92
what can be metabolized by an adult in an hour
one shot of vodka or whiskey
93
- giving alcohol to one group (and only tell half that they get alcohol) and not give alcohol to another group (and only tell half they won't get alcohol)
balanced placebo design
94
most powerful natural stimulant
cocaine chronic use: loss of gray matter in brain
95
nicotine activates receptors for what NTM
acetylcholine
96
use of meth
- destroyed blood vessels - acne - weight loss - tremors - dental problems
97
class of drugs with highest rate of overdose deaths class of drugs to treat depression an anxiety
narcotics psychedelics (also associated with flashbacks and psychotic symptoms)
98
what drug has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties
ecstasy

PSYC 1150 (8 decks)

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