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PSYC 1150 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do

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2
Q

instinct

A
  • innate biological pattern of behaviour that is assumed to be universal throughout a species
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3
Q

sign stimulus

A
  • something in the environment that turns on a fixed pattern of behaviour
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4
Q

drive

A

aroused state of tension that occurs because of a physiological need

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5
Q

need

A

deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation

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6
Q

drive reduction theory

A

explains that as drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it

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7
Q

what is the goal of drive reduction

A

homeostasis

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8
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal

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9
Q

Overlearning

A

learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic

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10
Q

what hormone helps start the digestion of food

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

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11
Q

what hormone plays a role in glucose control

A

insulin

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12
Q

what chemical is released from fat cells

A

leptin
- decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism
- discovered in a strain of genetically obese mice
- leptin acts as an anti-obesity hormone

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13
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

located on the outer portions of the brain
- involved in stimulating eating

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14
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A
  • is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating
  • when this area of the brain is stimulated, the animal stops eating
  • when the area is destroyed, the animal eats alot and becomes obese
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15
Q

what percent of Americans are overweight

A

60%

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16
Q

set point

A
  • weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lost weight
  • determined by the number of adipose cells stored in the body
  • when people gain weight….add fat cells
  • if they lose weight they may not be able to get rid of the extra ones
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17
Q

what did psychologists think obesity stemmed from originally

A
  • unhappiness
  • external food cues
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18
Q

evolutionary perspective on human taste preferences

A
  • developed when reliable food sources were scarce
  • earliest ancestors needed a lot of calories to survive in a challenging circumstances
  • developed a preference for sweet and fatty foods but sweet foods were only available during limited times of the year
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19
Q

restrained eaters

A
  • dieters that appear to be most at risk for an eating disorder are sometimes identified as restrained eaters
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20
Q

what-the-hell effect

A

consuming forbidden high-calorie food breaks the individuals will to restrict intake and causes them to overeat in the future
- dieting causes binge eating by promoting a cognitively regulated eating style that will be discarded when it has been violated or in conditions where it seems impossible to maintain

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21
Q

anorexia nervosa

A
  • eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
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22
Q

APA lists three characteristics of anorexia

A

1) severely restricted food intake in the pursuit of significantly low body weight compared to what is considered normal for age and height, and refusal to maintain weight at a healthy level

2) intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss

3) distorted body image, they can never be thin enough

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23
Q

highest morality rate of a psychological disorder

A

anorexia nervosa
5.6% of individuals die within 10 years of diagnosis

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24
Q

diagnostic and statistical manual of AAN

A
  • described atypical anorexia nervosa as similar in symptoms and psychological characteristics to individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa
  • people with AAN are all shapes and sizes from normal to overweight and obese
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25
Bulimia Nervosa
- eating disorder where an individual consistently repeats a binge-and-purge eating pattern - occurs within a normal weight range, making it hard to detect
26
symptoms of bulimia
- chronic sore throat - kidney problems - dehydration - gastrointestinal disorder - dental issues due to wearing down by stomach acid
27
bulimia nervosa began when
in late adolescence or early adulthood - disorder between 1-4% of young women
28
binge eating disorder
- characterized by recurrent episode of eating more food in a short period of time than most. people would eat and during which the person feels a lack of control over eating
29
BED affects men, women, and ethnic groups in the US
more similarly than anorexia or bulimia - around 2-5% of people will suffer from BED in their lifetime
30
places in the brain and BED
- areas in brain and endocrine system that respond to stress are overactive in patients with BED - fMRI shows that prefrontal cortex showed diminished activity - release of dopamine and serotonin and norepinephrine (part of reward pathway and stress)
31
the three key chemical substances that play a role in hunger, eating, and satiety (feeling full)
1) leptin 2) glucose 3) insulin
32
Hierarchy of needs
-Abraham Maslow -must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs safety love and belongingness esteem self-actualization
33
self-actualization
highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs - motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being
34
Maslow likely based parts of his theory from
cultural beliefs of the Siksika (Blackfoot) Indigenous peoples
35
self-determination theory
- asserts that there are three basic organismic needs - basic to human growth and functioning, just as water, soil, and sunshine are necessary for plant growth 3 COMPONENTS 1) competence 2) relatedness 3) autonomy
36
competence
met when we feel that we are able to bring about desired outcome
37
self-efficacy
belief that you have the competence to accomplish a given goal or task
38
mastery
the sense that you can gain skills and overcome obstacles
39
relatedness
the need to engage in warm, meaningful relations with other people
40
autonomy
- the sense that we are in control of our own life
41
intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
INTRINSIC: based on internal factors such as organismic needs as curiosity, challenge, and fun EXTRINSIC: involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments - when we are extrinsically motivated we engage in a behaviour for some external payoff or to avoid an external punishment
42
self-regulation
- process by which an organism effortfully controls behaviour in order to pursue important objectives
43
gratification
- putting off a pleasurable experience in the interest of some larger but later reward
44
impulsivity
tendency to act rashly - without thinking or planning
45
procrastination
- intentionally putting off actions on a goal
46
emotion
feeling that involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioural expression
47
how is the SNS measured to be active
skin conductance level (SCL) - rise in the skin's electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases - also called the galvanic skin response, where a sweaty palm conducts electricity better than a dry one
48
example of a measure of arousal
polygraph - monitors changes in the body-heart rate, breathing, and SCL- which is thought to be influenced by emotional stresses
49
James-Lange theory
- emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment - emotion occurs AFTER physiological reactions
50
Cannon-Bard theory
proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously
51
amygdalae
- involved in the experience of negative emotion and positive emotion - plays a central role in fear - when it identifies danger, it shifts into high gear and uses the brains resources in an effort to protect the organism from harm - this fear system evolved to detect and respond to natural dangers that threaten survival or territory
52
brain circuitry for fear
2 pathways 1) DIRECT: from thalamus to amygdalae 2) INDIRECT: from thalamus to sensory cortex to amygdalae
53
2 factor theory of emotion
- developed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome singer - emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labelling
54
Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron experiment
- asked male participants to walk across different bridges bridge 1- safe and stable not high bridge 2- narrow and unstable and more likely to evoke fear *at the end of both bridges there was an attractive female - men who walked across the scarier bridge were more likely to call the female - two factor theory suggests that the participants on the suspension bridge were more aroused by the fearful crossing but misattributed that arousal to sexual attraction to the female experimenter
55
facial feedback hypothesis
- facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them - facial muscles send signals to the brain that help us to recognize the emotion we are experiencing
56
valence
refers to whether an emotion feels pleasant or unpleasant
57
negative effect
refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness
58
positive effect
refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest
59
arousal
- degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual's being active, engaged, or excited versus passive, disengaged, or calm
60
circumplex model of emotions
- psychologist have created a wheel of mood states that they call a circumplex model of emotions
61
fear is thought to be a _____ emotion
avoidance-motivating
62
anger is thought to be a _____ emotion
approach-related
63
broaden-and-build model
- states that the function of positive emotions is to broaden the scope of attention and foster the building of resources
64
resilience
- adaptive function of positive emotions can be seen in the quality of RESILIENCE - its the ability to bounce back from negative experiences, to be flexible and adaptable when things aren't going well
65
which theory of emotion explains emotional misattribution
scahacter-singer
66
what is positive emotion NOT related to
conscientious children (diligent children)
67
what does not enhance positive affect
self-reflection
68
to optimize the happiness payoffs, of goal pursuit, one ought to
set goals that are important and personally valuable

PSYC 1150 (8 decks)

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