Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are the ‘terrible twos’?
A developmental stage characterized by negativism and temper tantrums, typically occurring around ages 2-3
This stage reflects a child’s growing independence and frustration with limits.
What is negativism in the context of child development?
A tendency to resist or oppose authority, often seen in toddlers as they assert their autonomy
This is often expressed through saying ‘no’ or refusing to comply with requests.
What are temper tantrums?
Intense emotional outbursts, often involving crying, screaming, and physical actions, typically seen in young children
These are often a response to frustration, anger, or inability to communicate needs.
What are the oral and anal stages according to Freud?
Stages of psychosexual development; the oral stage focuses on pleasure centers in the mouth, while the anal stage centers on bowel control
These stages occur from birth to 3 years and are crucial for personality development.
What is the Father’s role in child development?
Fathers contribute to emotional security, socialization, and cognitive development in children
Their involvement is linked to positive outcomes in various developmental areas.
What is the impact of early daycare on children?
Early daycare can influence social skills, attachment styles, and cognitive development
Quality of daycare and the amount of time spent there play significant roles.
Differentiate the temperamental patterns of children.
Temperamental patterns include:
* Easy child: Adaptable and positive
* Difficult child: Intense and moody
* Slow-to-warm-up child: Cautious and reserved
Each pattern affects how children interact with their environment.
What is social referencing?
The process by which infants look to caregivers for cues on how to respond to unfamiliar situations
This helps children learn about social interactions and emotions.
What is stranger anxiety?
A developmental phase where infants exhibit fear or distress when encountering unfamiliar people
Typically occurs around 6-12 months of age.
What is separation anxiety?
The distress experienced by children when separated from primary caregivers
Commonly seen in infants and toddlers, especially during transitions.
Define attachment in child development.
A deep emotional bond formed between a child and their caregiver, crucial for emotional security
Secure attachment promotes healthy social and emotional development.
What is imprinting?
A rapid learning process where a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it encounters
Commonly observed in birds, especially during a critical period shortly after birth.
What is the mother-infant bond?
A strong emotional connection between a mother and her child, essential for the child’s development
This bond influences attachment styles and emotional well-being.
What is failure to thrive?
A condition in which a child does not gain weight or grow as expected, often due to neglect or emotional issues
This can have long-term effects on physical and emotional health.
What does the behaviorist approach study?
The basic mechanics of learning
Behaviorists are concerned with how behavior changes in response to experience.
What is the primary focus of the psychometric approach?
Measures quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligence
Uses tests that indicate or predict these abilities.
What does the Piagetian approach focus on?
Changes, or stages, in the quality of cognitive functioning
It is concerned with how the mind structures its activities and adapts to the environment.
What is the aim of the information-processing approach?
To discover how children process information
Focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving.
What does the cognitive neuroscience approach seek to identify?
Brain structures involved in specific aspects of cognition
This approach links cognitive processes to brain functions.
What does the social-contextual approach examine?
The effects of environmental aspects of the learning process
Particularly the role of parents and other caregivers.
What are the two simple types of learning that behaviorists study?
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Define classical conditioning.
A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus
Define operant conditioning.
A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior
True or False: Research suggests that infants’ memory processes are very different from those of adults.
False
How can infants’ memories be jogged?
By periodic reminders
