Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Growth and Development > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effects obstetric medications have on the neonate?

A

Obstetric medications can affect the neonate’s respiratory function, muscle tone, and overall health immediately after birth.

These medications can lead to complications such as respiratory depression or reduced alertness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the length of the neonatal period?

A

The neonatal period lasts from birth to 28 days after birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define ‘Fontanel’

A

Fontanel refers to the soft spots on a baby’s skull where the bones have not yet fused.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define ‘Lanugo’

A

Lanugo is the fine, soft hair that covers a fetus and is usually shed before or shortly after birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define ‘Meconium’

A

Meconium is the first stool of a newborn, consisting of digested amniotic fluid, mucus, and other substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define ‘Vernix caseosa’

A

Vernix caseosa is the waxy, white substance that coats the skin of a newborn, providing protection in utero.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Apgar Scale?

A

The Apgar Scale is a quick assessment tool used to evaluate a newborn’s health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth based on five criteria: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace response, Activity, and Respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Brazelton Scale?

A

The Brazelton Scale is an assessment tool used to evaluate a newborn’s behavioral and neurological responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the average weight and length of the neonate?

A

The average weight of a neonate is about 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg) and the average length is approximately 20 inches (51 cm).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define ‘Moro’ reflex

A

Moro is a reflex where a baby throws their arms out and then inward in response to a sensation of falling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define ‘Darwinian’ reflex

A

Darwinian reflex refers to the grasp reflex where a baby will grasp an object placed in their palm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define ‘Tonic neck’ reflex

A

Tonic neck reflex is when a baby turns their head to one side and extends the arm on that side while flexing the opposite arm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define ‘Rooting’ reflex

A

Rooting reflex is when a baby turns their head and opens their mouth in response to a touch on the cheek.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define ‘Waking’ in infant terminology

A

Waking refers to the state when an infant transitions from sleep to alertness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does ‘states of arousal’ refer to in infants?

A

States of arousal refer to the various levels of alertness and activity that an infant exhibits, ranging from deep sleep to full alertness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are reasons for the drop in immunizations?

A

Reasons for the drop in immunizations include vaccine hesitancy, misinformation, and access issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are immunizations important?

A

Immunizations are important because they prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect the health of individuals and communities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do obstetric medications affect the Apgar Scale?

A

Obstetric medications can lower Apgar scores by impacting the newborn’s respiratory and neurological stability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Discuss the differences between bottle and breastfeeding

A

Bottle feeding provides convenience and measured feeding, while breastfeeding offers nutritional benefits and bonding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe early sensory capacity of the infant in terms of pain

A

Infants have a well-developed capacity to feel pain, showing reactions such as crying or withdrawal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe early sensory capacity of the infant in terms of hearing

A

Infants can hear sounds and respond to familiar voices, showing preference for their mother’s voice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe early sensory capacity of the infant in terms of smell

A

Infants can recognize their mother’s scent and show preference for sweet smells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe early sensory capacity of the infant in terms of vision

A

Infants have limited vision at birth, primarily seeing high-contrast patterns and objects close to their face.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe early sensory capacity of the infant in terms of taste

A

Infants can taste and show preference for sweet flavors, often reacting positively to sugar solutions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe early sensory capacity of the infant in terms of temperature

A

Infants can sense temperature changes and react to hot or cold stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define ‘temperament’

A

Temperament refers to the innate traits that influence how an individual reacts to the world, including mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are weight and height changes during the first year of life?

A

During the first year, infants typically triple their birth weight and grow about 10 inches in length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are milestones for motor development in infants?

A

Milestones for motor development include rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and walking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Identify important determinants of a child’s size and shape

A

Important determinants include genetics, nutrition, health, and environmental factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What was childbirth like in Europe and the United States before the twentieth century?

A

Childbirth was a female ritual that occurred at home and was attended by a midwife. Pain relief was minimal and risks for mother and baby were high.

This reflects practices similar to those in some developing countries today.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What role did midwives play in childbirth before the twentieth century?

A

Midwives attended births at home.

They were the primary caregivers for childbirth during this period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How did the development of obstetrics impact childbirth?

A

It professionalized childbirth, leading to births taking place in hospitals attended by physicians.

This marked a significant shift from home births to medicalized hospital births.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What advancements have improved safety in childbirth?

A

Medical advances dramatically improved safety for mothers and babies.

These advancements include better prenatal care, sterile environments, and improved surgical techniques.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the current options for childbirth for women with normal, low-risk pregnancies?

A

Delivery at home or in birth centers attended by midwives.

These options can be relatively safe alternatives to physician-attended hospital delivery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

True or False: Childbirth in the past was generally attended by physicians.

A

False. Childbirth was typically attended by midwives at home.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fill in the blank: Before the twentieth century, childbirth was characterized by minimal _______.

A

pain relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What were the risks associated with childbirth before the twentieth century?

A

High risks for mother and baby.

This highlights the dangers that were prevalent in childbirth practices of that time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the normal preparatory period before birth called?

A

Parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the three stages of the birth process?

A
  1. Dilation of the cervix
  2. Descent and emergence of the baby
  3. Expulsion of the umbilical cord and the placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What can electronic fetal monitoring detect during high-risk births?

A

Signs of fetal distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What percentage of births in the United States are by cesarean delivery?

A

About 32 percent

42
Q

What can alternative methods of childbirth minimize?

A

The need for painkilling drugs

43
Q

What do alternative methods of childbirth maximize?

A

Parents’ active involvement

44
Q

How do modern epidurals provide pain relief compared to the past?

A

With smaller doses of medication

45
Q

What benefits can the presence of a doula provide?

A

Physical benefits and emotional support

46
Q

What is the neonatal period?

A

A time of transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life

This period marks significant physiological changes as the newborn adjusts to life outside the womb.

47
Q

What happens to a newborn’s systems at birth?

A

They become independent of the mother’s

This includes the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, elimination, and temperature regulation systems.

48
Q

What may occur if a newborn cannot start breathing within about 5 minutes?

A

Brain injury may occur

Timely initiation of breathing is critical for preventing neurological damage.

49
Q

What reflex do newborns have that aids in feeding?

A

Strong sucking reflex

This reflex is essential for breastfeeding and feeding in general.

50
Q

What is meconium?

A

The first stool secreted from the intestinal tract of a newborn

It is typically thick, sticky, and dark green in color.

51
Q

What condition may newborns be subject to due to immaturity of the liver?

A

Neonatal jaundice

This condition is characterized by a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

52
Q

What does the Apgar score assess?

A

How well a neonate is adjusting to extrauterine life

The score is taken at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.

53
Q

What is the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale used for?

A

To assess responses to the environment and predict future development

This scale helps in understanding a newborn’s behavioral patterns.

54
Q

What conditions are screened for during neonatal screening?

A

Certain rare conditions, such as PKU and congenital hypothyroidism

Early detection of these conditions is crucial for treatment and management.

55
Q

What governs a newborn’s state of arousal?

A

Periodic cycles of wakefulness, sleep, and activity

These cycles influence the newborn’s overall behavior and development.

56
Q

What happens to a neonate’s sleep patterns by about 6 months?

A

Babies do most of their sleeping at night

Sleep patterns typically shift as the infant grows and develops.

57
Q

How do cultural customs affect newborns?

A

They affect sleep patterns

Different cultures may have varying practices regarding infant care and sleep.

58
Q

What are some complications of childbirth?

A

Low birth weight, postmature birth, stillbirth

These complications can significantly affect infant health and survival.

59
Q

What defines low birth weight?

A

Babies that may be either preterm or small-for-gestational-age

Low birth weight is considered a major health risk for infants.

60
Q

Why is low birth weight significant?

A

It is a major factor in infant mortality and can cause long-term physical and cognitive problems

Understanding the implications of low birth weight is crucial for neonatal care.

61
Q

What is the prognosis for very-low-birth-weight babies compared to those who weigh more?

A

Very-low-birth-weight babies have a less promising prognosis

Their survival rates and health outcomes tend to be poorer.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: Low birth weight is a major factor in _______.

A

infant mortality

63
Q

True or False: Postmature birth is considered a complication of childbirth.

A

True

64
Q

What are the two classifications of low birth weight babies?

A

Preterm, small-for-gestational-age

These classifications help in assessing risks and care needs.

65
Q

Where do the vast majority of infant deaths occur?

A

In developing countries

66
Q

What can reduce infant mortality?

A

Postnatal care

67
Q

Is the infant mortality rate in the United States high?

A

Yes, especially among African American babies

68
Q

What is the leading cause of death in infancy?

A

Birth defects

69
Q

What are the other leading causes of death in infancy after birth defects?

A
  • Disorders related to prematurity and low birth weight
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
  • Maternal complications of pregnancy
  • Complications of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes
70
Q

What is the leading cause of postneonatal death in the United States?

A

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

71
Q

How have SIDS rates changed in the United States?

A

They have declined markedly

72
Q

What recommendation has contributed to the decline in SIDS rates?

A

Lay babies on their backs to sleep

73
Q

What has happened to vaccine-preventable diseases as immunization rates have improved?

A

They have declined

74
Q

Are many preschoolers fully protected from vaccine-preventable diseases?

A

No, many are not fully protected

75
Q

What are the two principles that guide normal physical growth and sensory and motor development?

A

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles

76
Q

During which year of life does a child’s body grow most dramatically?

A

1st year of life

77
Q

What health advantages does breastfeeding offer?

A

Health advantages and sensory and cognitive benefits

78
Q

For how long should breastfeeding be done exclusively if possible?

A

At least the first 6 months

79
Q

What system controls sensorimotor activity?

A

Central nervous system

80
Q

What does lateralization enable in the brain?

A

Each hemisphere to specialize in different functions

81
Q

When does the brain grow most rapidly?

A

Months before and immediately after birth

82
Q

What processes occur as neurons migrate to their assigned locations?

A

Form synaptic connections, undergo integration and differentiation

83
Q

What improvements enhance the efficiency of the nervous system?

A

Cell death and myelination

84
Q

What are reflex behaviors indications of?

A

Neurological status

85
Q

What happens to most early reflexes during the 1st year?

A

They drop out as voluntary, cortical control develops

86
Q

How can environmental experience influence brain development?

A

Positively or negatively

87
Q

When do sensory capacities develop in infants?

A

Rapidly in the first months of life

88
Q

What is the first sense to develop and mature?

A

Touch

89
Q

Are newborns sensitive to pain?

A

Yes

90
Q

Which senses begin to develop in the womb?

A

Smell, taste, and hearing

91
Q

What is the least well-developed sense at birth?

A

Vision

92
Q

What visual abilities develop within the first few months?

A

Peripheral vision, color perception, acuteness of focus, binocular vision, ability to follow a moving object

93
Q

What is the sequence in which motor skills develop?

A

Motor skills develop in a certain sequence that may depend largely on maturation, context, experience, and motivation.

94
Q

How do simple motor skills progress?

A

Simple skills combine into increasingly complex systems.

95
Q

What is the impact of self-locomotion on development?

A

Self-locomotion brings about changes in all domains of development.

96
Q

How is perception related to motor development?

A

Perception is intimately related to motor development.

97
Q

When do depth perception and haptic perception develop?

A

Depth perception and haptic perception develop in the first half of the 1st year.

98
Q

What does Gibson’s ecological theory state about sensory perception and motor activity?

A

According to Gibson’s ecological theory, sensory perception and motor activity are coordinated from birth.

99
Q

What does Thelen’s dynamic systems theory suggest about motor skill development?

A

Thelen’s dynamic systems theory holds that infants develop motor skills through active coordination of multiple systems of action within a changing environment.

100
Q

Fill in the blank: Cultural practices may influence the pace of early _______.

A

motor development

Growth and Development (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions