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Growth and Development > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define replication

A

The process by which a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA.

Example: DNA replication occurs during cell division.

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2
Q

Define genotype

A

The genetic constitution of an individual.

Example: An individual with the genotype Aa has one dominant and one recessive allele.

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3
Q

Define phenotype

A

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism.

Example: The phenotype of a plant may include its height and flower color.

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4
Q

Define embryo

A

An early stage of development in multicellular organisms, typically from fertilization until the end of the eighth week of pregnancy.

Example: Human embryos develop from the zygote stage.

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5
Q

Define amniocentesis

A

A medical procedure used to obtain amniotic fluid for testing.

Example: Amniocentesis can help diagnose genetic disorders in a fetus.

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6
Q

Define fetus

A

The stage of development in humans from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth.

Example: A human fetus develops major organs and systems during this stage.

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7
Q

What is the role of the environment and heredity in learning?

A

Both environment and heredity interact to influence learning outcomes.

Example: Genetic predispositions may affect learning abilities, while environmental factors shape experiences.

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8
Q

Differentiate between dizygotic and monozygotic twins

A

Dizygotic twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm; monozygotic twins develop from one fertilized egg that splits into two.

Example: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material, while dizygotic twins share about 50%.

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9
Q

What effect does maternal nutrition have on the developing fetus?

A

Maternal nutrition is crucial for fetal growth and development, influencing birth weight and health outcomes.

Example: Poor maternal nutrition can lead to low birth weight and developmental issues.

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10
Q

What effect does maternal drug intake have on the developing fetus?

A

Maternal drug intake can cause birth defects, developmental delays, and other health issues.

Example: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

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11
Q

What effect does maternal illness have on the developing fetus?

A

Maternal illness can lead to complications such as premature birth, low birth weight, and congenital conditions.

Example: Infections like rubella can harm fetal development.

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12
Q

What effect does blood type incompatibility have on the developing fetus?

A

Blood type incompatibility can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn, causing anemia and jaundice.

Example: Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.

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13
Q

What is the transmission of defects by the father?

A

Fathers can pass on genetic defects and conditions to their offspring through sperm.

Example: Mutations in the father’s genes can contribute to conditions like cystic fibrosis.

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14
Q

Explain the role of dominant vs. recessive genes in inheritance

A

Dominant genes express their traits even when only one copy is present; recessive genes express traits only when two copies are present.

Example: A dominant allele for brown eyes can mask a recessive allele for blue eyes.

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15
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of an ovum and a sperm

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16
Q

What is formed as a result of fertilization?

A

A one-celled zygote

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17
Q

How does a zygote duplicate itself?

A

By cell division

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18
Q

What are the two ways multiple births can occur?

A
  • Fertilization of two ova
  • One ovum that has split
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19
Q

What leads to higher multiple births?

A

Either one of the processes of fertilization or a combination of both

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20
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

Fraternal twins with different genetic makeups

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21
Q

Can dizygotic twins be of different sexes?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

Identical twins with much the same genetic makeup

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23
Q

Do monozygotic twins always have the same temperament?

A

No, they may differ in temperament or other respects

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24
Q

What are the basic functional units of heredity?

A

The genes

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25
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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26
Q

What does DNA carry?

A

Biochemical instructions or genetic code

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27
Q

What governs the development of cell functions?

A

Genetic code carried by DNA

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28
Q

Where is each gene located?

A

In a definite position on a particular chromosome

29
Q

What is the complete sequence of genes in the human body called?

A

The human genome

30
Q

How many chromosomes does each normal human being receive from their parents at conception?

A

23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 from the father

31
Q

What are the two types of chromosomes that form the 23 pairs in humans?

A

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

32
Q

What determines if a child is genetically female?

A

Receiving an X chromosome from each parent

33
Q

What determines if a child is genetically male?

A

Receiving a Y chromosome from the father

34
Q

What are the simplest patterns of genetic transmission?

A

Dominant and recessive inheritance

35
Q

What does it mean to be homozygous for a trait?

A

A pair of alleles are the same

36
Q

What does it mean to be heterozygous for a trait?

A

A pair of alleles are different

37
Q

What type of genetic transmission accounts for most normal human characteristics?

A

Polygenic or multifactorial transmission

38
Q

What is true about the genotype of each child except for most monozygotic twins?

A

Each child inherits a unique genotype

39
Q

Why might a person’s phenotype not always express the underlying genotype?

A

Due to dominant inheritance and multifactorial transmission

40
Q

What does the epigenetic framework control?

A

The functions of particular genes

41
Q

What can affect the epigenetic framework?

A

Environmental factors

42
Q

What can cause birth defects and diseases?

A

Simple dominant, recessive, or sex-linked inheritance, mutations, genome imprinting, or chromosomal abnormalities

43
Q

What can prospective parents receive through genetic counseling?

A

Information about the mathematical odds of bearing children with certain defects

44
Q

What are the potential considerations for genetic testing?

A

Involves risks as well as benefits

45
Q

What is the assumption of research in behavioral genetics?

A

The relative influences of heredity and environment within a population can be measured statistically.

46
Q

What indicates that heredity is an important influence on a trait?

A

Genetically closer persons will be more similar in that trait.

47
Q

What types of studies help measure the heritability of specific traits?

A
  • Family studies
  • Adoption studies
  • Studies of twins
48
Q

What are the concepts that describe the interaction of heredity and environment?

A
  • Reaction range
  • Canalization
  • Genotype-environment interaction
  • Genotype-environment correlation
  • Niche-picking
49
Q

In terms of intelligence and personality, what is observed about siblings?

A

Siblings tend to be more different than alike.

50
Q

According to some behavioral geneticists, what accounts for most of the similarity among individuals?

A

Heredity.

51
Q

What accounts for most of the differences among individuals, according to some behavioral geneticists?

A

Nonshared environmental effects.

52
Q

What aspects of personality are influenced by both heredity and environment?

A
  • Obesity
  • Longevity
  • Intelligence
  • Temperament
53
Q

True or False: Schizophrenia is solely influenced by heredity.

A

False.

54
Q

What type of disorder is schizophrenia in terms of heritability?

A

Highly heritable neurological disorder.

55
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

A

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages

56
Q

What often happens to severely defective embryos during the first trimester?

A

They are often spontaneously aborted

57
Q

How do fetuses change in their movement as they grow?

A

They move less but more vigorously

58
Q

What stimulates taste and smell in fetuses?

A

Swallowing amniotic fluid

59
Q

What abilities do fetuses seem to have?

A

Hear, exercise sensory discrimination, learn, and remember

60
Q

What can greatly affect the developing organism during prenatal development?

A

Its prenatal environment

61
Q

What factors may influence the likelihood of a birth defect?

A

Timing and intensity of an environmental event and its interaction with genetic factors

62
Q

List some important environmental influences involving the mother.

A
  • Nutrition
  • Smoking
  • Intake of alcohol or other drugs
  • Transmission of maternal illnesses or infections
  • Maternal stress, anxiety, or depression
  • Maternal age and physical activity
  • External environmental hazards, such as chemicals and radiation
63
Q

True or False: External influences can also affect the father’s sperm.

A

True

64
Q

What are some methods used to monitor prenatal development?

A

Ultrasound, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, fetoscopy, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, umbilical cord sampling, maternal blood tests

These methods help determine whether an unborn baby is developing normally.

65
Q

Why is early prenatal care important?

A

It is essential for healthy development and can lead to detection of defects and disorders

Early and targeted care for at-risk women may reduce maternal and infant death, low birth weight, and other birth complications.

66
Q

How can early prenatal care impact maternal and infant outcomes?

A

It may help reduce maternal and infant death, low birth weight, and other birth complications

Targeted care for at-risk women is particularly beneficial.

67
Q

What disparities may affect prenatal care?

A

Racial/ethnic disparities

These disparities may contribute to differences in low birth weight and perinatal death.

68
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ can be used to determine whether an unborn baby is developing normally.

A

Ultrasound, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, fetoscopy, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, umbilical cord sampling, maternal blood tests

Growth and Development (5 decks)

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