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Growth and Development > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of a theory in research?

A

To organize and explain data and generate hypotheses that can be tested by research.

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2
Q

What are the two basic issues that developmental theories differ on?

A

The active or reactive character of development and the existence of continuity or discontinuity in development.

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3
Q

What are the two contrasting models of human development?

A

The mechanistic model and the organismic model.

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4
Q

True or False: The mechanistic model of development emphasizes active participation in growth.

A

False.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ model of development focuses on the active role of the individual.

A

organismic

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ model of development views individuals as passive recipients of environmental stimuli.

A

mechanistic

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7
Q

What does the psychoanalytic perspective emphasize in development?

A

Motivation by unconscious emotional drives or conflicts

Leading examples include Freud’s and Erikson’s theories.

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8
Q

Which perspective views development as a result of learning based on experience?

A

Learning perspective

Leading examples are Watson’s and Skinner’s behaviorism and Bandura’s social learning (social cognitive) theory.

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9
Q

What is the focus of the cognitive perspective?

A

Thought processes

Leading examples include Piaget’s cognitive-stage theory, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, and the information-processing approach.

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10
Q

What does the contextual perspective concentrate on?

A

The individual in a social context

A leading example is Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory.

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11
Q

Which perspective emphasizes the adaptiveness or survival value of behavior?

A

Evolutionary/sociobiological perspective

It proposes that the mind has many cognitive adaptations designed to deal with recurrent adaptive problems.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ perspective sees development as motivated by unconscious emotional drives or conflicts.

A

psychoanalytic

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13
Q

True or False: The learning perspective includes Bandura’s social learning theory.

A

True

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14
Q

What are the leading examples of the cognitive perspective?

A
  • Piaget’s cognitive-stage theory
  • Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
  • Information-processing approach
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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory is an example of the _______ perspective.

A

contextual

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16
Q

True or False: The evolutionary/sociobiological perspective ignores the survival value of behavior.

A

False

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17
Q

What are the two main types of research methods?

A

Quantitative and qualitative.

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18
Q

What method do quantitative researchers use to arrive at sound conclusions?

A

The scientific method.

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19
Q

What ensures the generalizability of research findings?

A

Random selection of a research sample.

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20
Q

Name three forms of data collection in research.

A
  • Self-reports
  • Observation
  • Behavioral and performance measures.
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21
Q

What is a research design?

A

A plan for conducting research.

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22
Q

What are two qualitative designs used in developmental research?

A
  • Case study
  • Ethnographic study.
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23
Q

What does cross-cultural research indicate?

A

Whether certain aspects of development are universal or culturally influenced.

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24
Q

What are two quantitative designs in research?

A
  • Correlational study
  • Experiment.
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25
Q

Which type of study can firmly establish causal relationships?

A

Experiments.

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26
Q

What must experiments be to ensure validity and replicability?

A

Rigorously controlled.

27
Q

How can validity be ensured in experiments?

A

Random assignment of participants.

28
Q

Which type of experiments are easiest to control and replicate?

A

Laboratory experiments.

29
Q

What may be more generalizable, laboratory or field experiments?

A

Field experiments.

30
Q

When are natural experiments useful?

A

In situations where true experiments would be impractical or unethical.

31
Q

What are the two most common designs used to study age-related development?

A
  • Cross-sectional
  • Longitudinal.
32
Q

What do cross-sectional studies assess?

A

Age differences.

33
Q

What do longitudinal studies describe?

A

Continuity or change in the same participants.

34
Q

What is the purpose of the sequential study?

A

To overcome the weaknesses of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

35
Q

What is a primary concern of psychologists in scientific research?

A

Incorporating diversity into scientific research

This concern reflects the need for a more inclusive understanding of psychological phenomena across different populations.

36
Q

What does the open science movement advocate for?

A

Increased integrity, reproducibility, and accessibility of scientific work

Open science aims to make research findings more transparent and available to the public.

37
Q

What ethical principles do researchers seek to resolve issues based on?

A

Beneficence, respect, and justice

These principles guide researchers in conducting ethical studies and protecting participants.

38
Q

What is an important standard for the protection of children in research?

A

Parental informed consent and protection from harm

These standards ensure that children’s rights and well-being are prioritized in research settings.

39
Q

Fill in the blank: The open science movement calls for increased _______ of scientific work.

A

integrity, reproducibility, and accessibility

40
Q

True or False: The principles of justice in research only apply to adult participants.

A

False

The principles of justice apply to all research participants, including children.

41
Q

What are naturalistic studies?

A

Observations conducted in natural settings without manipulation of variables.

Example: Observing children in a playground to understand social interactions.

42
Q

What are standardized tests?

A

Tests administered and scored in a consistent manner to measure performance.

Example: SAT or ACT exams.

43
Q

What is an experimental group?

A

A group that receives the treatment or intervention in an experiment.

44
Q

What is a control group?

A

A group that does not receive the treatment, used for comparison.

45
Q

What is qualitative change?

A

Changes that involve a transformation in the quality or nature of something.

46
Q

What is quantitative change?

A

Changes that involve an increase or decrease in the amount or degree of something.

47
Q

What are clinical studies?

A

Research investigations conducted with patients to assess the efficacy of interventions.

48
Q

What is the cephalocaudal principle?

A

Development occurs from the head down to the feet.

49
Q

What is the proximo-distal law?

A

Development progresses from the center of the body outward.

50
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

A systematic approach to research involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusion.

51
Q

What are case studies?

A

In-depth analyses of individual or group cases to explore complex issues.

52
Q

Define longitudinal studies.

A

Research that follows the same subjects over a long period.

Example: Studying the same group of children from birth to adulthood.

53
Q

Define cross-sectional studies.

A

Research that compares different groups at a single point in time.

Example: Comparing the cognitive abilities of different age groups at one time.

54
Q

Define cross-sequential studies.

A

Research that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches by studying different age groups over time.

55
Q

What ethical issues must be considered when studying children?

A

Informed consent, confidentiality, and minimizing potential harm.

56
Q

Who is Erik Erikson and what is his theory?

A

A developmental psychologist known for his psychosocial stages of development.

57
Q

Who is Sigmund Freud and what is his theory?

A

A psychoanalyst known for his theory of psychosexual development.

58
Q

Who is Lawrence Kohlberg and what is his theory?

A

A psychologist known for his stages of moral development.

59
Q

Who is Jean Piaget and what is his theory?

A

A developmental psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development.

60
Q

Who are Watson and Skinner and what is their theory?

A

Behaviorists known for their work on classical and operant conditioning.

61
Q

Who is Albert Bandura and what is his theory?

A

A psychologist known for his social learning theory, emphasizing observation and modeling.

62
Q

Define normative age-graded influences.

A

Influences that are linked to age and are experienced by most individuals.

Example: Starting school at age 6.

63
Q

Define normative history-graded influences.

A

Influences that occur at a specific time in history and impact a large number of people.

Example: The impact of the internet on communication.

64
Q

Define non-normative life events.

A

Unique experiences that do not occur for most people.

Example: Winning the lottery or experiencing a natural disaster.

Growth and Development (5 decks)

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