Chapter 5 Flashcards
Biomechanics
1
Q
Biomechanics
A
The study of the mechanical laws governing movement of living organisms
2
Q
Kinesiology
A
The study of the mechanics of human movement
3
Q
Anatomical
A
The anatomically neutral body position facing forward with the arms at the sides of the body and toes pointing straight ahead.
4
Q
Anterior or Ventral
A
Front of the body or toward the front relative to another reference point
5
Q
Posterior or dorsal
A
Back of the body or toward the back relative to another reference point
6
Q
Superior
A
Above a reference point
7
Q
Inferior
A
Below a reference point
8
Q
Proximal
A
Position closer to the center of the body relative to a reference point
9
Q
Distal
A
Position farther from the reference point
10
Q
Medial
A
Position relatively closer to the midline of the body
11
Q
Lateral
A
Position relatively farther from the midline of the body
12
Q
Prone
A
Lying facedown
13
Q
Supine
A
Lying on ones backside
14
Q
Deep
A
Further beneath the surface relative to another reference point
15
Q
Superficial
A
Closer to the surface relative to another reference point
16
Q
Unilateral
A
Refers to only one side
17
Q
Bilateral
A
Refers to both sides
18
Q
Ipsilateral
A
On the same side
19
Q
Contralateral
A
On the opposite side
20
Q
Caudal
A
Toward the bottom
21
Q
Cephalic
A
Toward the head
22
Q
Volar
A
Relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot
23
Q
Abduction
A
Movement away from the midline
24
Q
Adduction
A
Movement toward the midline
25
Flexion
Movement decreasing the angle between two body parts
26
Extension
Movement increasing the angle between two body parts
27
Lateral Flexion
Flexion in the frontal plane
28
Protraction
Abduction of the scapula
29
Retraction
Abduction of the scapula
30
Elevation
Movement in a superior direction
31
Depression
Movement in an inferior direction
32
Plantar flexion
Extension of the foot downward (inferiorly)
33
Dorsiflexion
Flexion of foot upward (superiorly)
34
External rotation
Rotational movement away from the midline
35
36
Internal rotation
Rotational movement toward the midline
37
Circumduction
Circular movement of a limb extending from the joint where the movement is controlled
38
Inversion
Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane
39
Eversion
Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane
40
Pronation
Turning the palm or arch of the foot down
41
Supination
Turning the palm or arch of the foot up
42
Hyperextension
Position that extends beyond anatomical neutral
43
Ipsilateral
Same-side movement
44
Contralateral
Opposite-side movement
45
Lateral
Situated away from the midline
46
Medial
Situated toward or closer to the midline
47
Frontal plane
An imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
48
Sagittal plane
An imaginary line that divides the body into left and right halves
49
Transverse plane
An imaginary line that divides the body into inferior and superior halves
50
Range of Motion (ROM)
The measurement of movement around a specific joint or body part
51
Balance
An even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to maintain its center of gravity within a base of support
52
Equilibrium
A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced
53
Stability
The ability to control and maintain control of joint movement or body position
54
Center of Gravity
The hypothetical position in the body where the combined mass appears to be concentrated and the point around which gravity appears to act
55
Base of Support
The area beneath an object or person that includes every point of contact that the object or person makes with the supporting surface
56
Gravity
The attraction between objects and the earth
57
Muscular force
Involves the contraction of a muscle while exerting a force and performing work. It can be concentric (Shortening), eccentric (lengthening), or isometric (Tension without joint movement)
58
Dynamic Balance
The ability to remain upright and balanced when the body and/or arms and legs are in motion
59
Static Balance
The ability to remain upright and balanced when the body is at rest
60
Mass
The amount of matter in an object
61
Weight
The gravitational force of attraction on an object
62
Line of Gravity
A vertical line straight through the center of gravity
63
Joint mobility
The degree of movement around a joint before movement is restricted by surrounding tissues
64
Joint stability
The ability of the muscles around a joint to control movement or hold the joint in a fixed (stable) position
65
Laws of motion
The laws of physics describing movement
66
Force
The interaction that creates work or physical change. Its components are magnitude, direction, point of application, and line of action
67
Inertia
The resistance to action or change and describes the acceleration and deceleration of the human body
68
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity
69
Deceleration
A special type of acceleration where a person or object is slowing down
70
Velocity
The speed of an object and the direction it takes while moving
71
Force-velocity curve
A representation of the inverse relationship between force and velocity in muscle contraction
72
Momentum
The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity
73
Speed
The ability to move the body in one direction as fast as possible
74
Ground reaction force
The force the ground exerts on a body it is in contact with
75
Friction
The resistance of relative motion that one surface or object encounters when moving over another
76
Compression force
The force of two surfaces pressing toward one another
77
Tensile force
The force when two surfaces pull apart from one another
78
Shear force
The force of two surfaces moving across one another
79
Muscular Contraction
The shortening or resistance to lengthening of a muscle fiber
80
Linear motion
Movement along a line, straight or curved
81
Angular Motion
Rotation around an axis
82
Axis
Point of rotation around which a lever moves
83
84
Displacement
The distance an object is displaced from a starting point
85
Distance
The total or sum of the length an object travels
86
Angular Displacement
The change of location of an object that is rotating about an axis
87
Linear Displacement
The distance an object moves in a straight line
88
Kinetics
The study of forces acting on a mechanism
89
Mechanical Advantage
The ratio of force that creates meaningful movement compared to the force applied to generate the movement
90
Work
Force times distance measured in foot-pounds
91
Power
The combination of strength and speed - the ability for a muscle to generate maximal tension as quickly as possible
92
Mechanical Work
The amount of energy transferred by a force, the product of force and distance
93
Levers
A rigid or semirigid bar rotating around a fixed point when force is applied to one end
94
Fulcrum
The point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots
95
Effort Arm
The portion of the lever arm between the applied effort and the axis
96
Lever arm
The rigid bar portion of a lever that rotates around the fulcrum
97
Resistance arm
The portion of the lever arm between the load and the axis
98
Moment arm
The perpendicular distance between the fulcrum and the line of the force being applied
99
Torque
Force applied that results in rotation about an axis
100
Rotary motion
The movement around a fixed axis moving in a curved path
101
Force Arm
The distance between the fulcrum and the force or load application in a lever
102
Origin
The proximal muscular attachment point to a bone
103
Insertion
The distal muscular attachment point to a bone
104
Agonist
The primary muscle used for a mechanical movement (Biceps)
105
Synergists
Muscles supporting the mechanical movement of a prime mover (Brachioradialis)
106
Antagonist
Muscles opposing the mechanical movement of a prime mover (Triceps)
107
Sherrington's law of reciprocal inhibition
A law that states that for every muscle activation, there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing muscle
108
Stabilizer Muscles
The muscles playing the role of stabilizing or minimizing joint movement
109
Length-tension relationship
The amount of tension a muscle can produce with respect to its length
110
Force-couple Relationship
Two or more muscles acting in different directions that influence the rotation of a joint in a specific direction
111
Muscle Synergies
The activation of a group of muscles to generate movement around a particular joint
112
Innervation
The distribution or supply of nerves
