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ISSA: PT > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory System

A

A closed system circulating blood through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

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2
Q

Closed System

A

A physical system that does not allow for the movement of matter into or out of the system

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3
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissue

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3
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart to remove waste and pick up more oxygen

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

Fine branching blood vessels forming a network between the arterioles and venules, where transport of nutrients and oxygen or carbon dioxide occurs on a microscopic scale

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5
Q

Arterioles

A

The smaller branches of the arteries leading to the capillaries

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6
Q

Atrium

A

One of the two upper cavities of the heart passing blood to the ventricles. The plural is “atria”

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6
Q

Venules

A

The small branches of the veins gathering blood from the capillaries

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7
Q

Ventricle

A

One of the two lower cavities of the heart passing blood to the body or to the lungs

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7
Q

Pulmonary Arteries

A

Blood vessels moving blood from the heart to the lungs

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7
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Blood vessels returning oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

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8
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery in the body that supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system

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8
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

The Blood flow between the heart and the lungs

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9
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

The blook flow between the heart and the rest of the body

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10
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

The blood vessel moving blood from the upper body and head to the heart

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11
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

The blood vessel moving blood from the lower body to the heart

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical processes that occur in the body to support life including converting food into energy

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13
Q

Atrioventricular Valves (AV)

A

Valves between the atria and ventricles preventing the backward flow of blood during cardiac contractions

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14
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

The action of the heart from the start of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

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15
Q

Systole

A

The heartbeat phase where muscle contraction moves blood from the heart chambers to the arteries

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16
Q

Diastole

A

The heartbeat phase where the cardiac muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood

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17
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA)

A

The pacemaker of the heart that generates the first electrical signal of a heartbeat and stimulates the atria to contract

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18
Q

Atrioventricular Node (AV)

A

The nerve node between the right atrium and right ventricle that propagates the electrical signal from the SA node to more distal heart nerves that cause ventricular contraction

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19
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction

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20
Heart Rate
The number of heartbeats per minute
21
Pulse
A rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them
22
Blood Pressure
The force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries during the two phases of the cardiac cycle
23
Systolic
The pressure in blood vessels when the heart beats (ventricular contraction)
24
Diastolic
The pressure in blood vessels when the heart rests (ventricular filling)
25
Hypotension
Low blood pressure measuring 90/60mm Hg or lower
26
Hypertension
High blood pressure measuring more than 140/90 mm Hg
27
Cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute
28
Blood volume
The total volume of blood within the circulatory system of an individual
29
Peripheral Resistance
The vascular resistance of the arteries to blood flow
30
Blood viscosity
The thickness and "stickiness" of blood and how it affects its flow through the blood vessels
31
Antibodies
Blood proteins that combine with other substances in the body to recognize foreign bodies as part of the immune response
32
Lymph
The colorless fluid of the lymphatic system
33
Interstitial fluid
The fluid found between cells
34
Respiration
The intake of oxygen and subsequent release of carbon dioxide in an organism
35
Pulmonary Ventilation
The process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air
36
Inspiration
Breathing air into the lungs
37
Expiration
Breathing air out of the lungs
38
Diaphragm
The dome shaped muscle that separates the lungs and pleural cavity from the abdomen
39
Diffusion
The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient or from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
40
Thoracic Cavity
The chest cavity enclosed by the ribs, sternum, and spinal column
41
Intra-alveolar Pressure
The pressure within the alveoli that changes throughout respiration
42
External Respiration
The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
43
Internal Respiration
The process of diffusing oxygen from the blood into the interstitial fluid and into the cells
44
Hormones
Chemical messengers stored, created, and released by endocrine glands
45
ENDOCRINE GLAND
Ductless glands releasing hormones that remain within the body
46
EXOCRINE GLANDS
Glands that produce and release substances through ducts or openings on the body’s surface
47
Amino Acids
Simple organic compounds known as the building blocks of proteins
48
Steroids
A class of chemicals characterized by their carbon structure, working to reduce inflammation and the activity of the immune system
49
ELECTROLYTE
Minerals in the body that have an electric charge
50
Glucose
A simple sugar the body uses for energy production on the cellular level
51
Insulin
A hormone Produced in the pancreas to regulate blood sugar
52
Testosterone
A steroid hormone found in both males and females
53
Osteoporosis
A skeletal condition that results in weak or brittle bones
54
Catabolic
Metabolic activity involving the breakdown of molecules such as proteins or lipids
55
Protein Synthesis
The process of arranging amino acids into protein structures
56
Anabolic
The process of creating larger molecules from smaller units
57
Growth Hormone
A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth in animal cells
58
Insulin Like Growth Factors
A protein similar to insulin that stimulates growth of cells
59
Cortisol
A catabolic hormone released in response to physical and emotional stress
60
Ketone bodies
Molecules released by the liver in starvation states for an alternate energy source.
61
Ketosis
A metabolic process that occurs when the body does not have enough carbohydrates for energy; the liver metabolizes fatty acids to produce ketones as a replacement energy source
62
Catecholamines
Hormones released by the adrenal glands, in the blood as a result of stress
63
Peristalsis
The muscular contractions of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract, which moves food through the digestive tract. ISSA | Certified Personal Trainer |120
64
Chyme
A pulpy acidic fluid that moves from the stomach to the small intestines containing partially digested food and gastric juices
65
Bile
A bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid aiding digestion, secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
66
SALIVARY AMYLASE
An enzyme found in saliva that converts starches and glycogen to more simple sugars
67
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Organ system protecting the body; composed of skin, hair, and nails.
68
EPIDERMIS
The outermost layer of the skin
69
Dermis
Deep to the epidermis; holds blood vessels, sweat glands, and hair follicles
70
HYPODERMIS
The deepest layer of skin housing fat cells and connective tissues
71
SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
Generally harmless fat cells located just beneath the skin.

ISSA: PT (8 decks)

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