Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Organ Systems
A
A group of organs working together to perform biological functions
2
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
Tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that coordinates body activites.
3
Q
Neurons
A
The most fundamental component of the brain and nervous system capable of transmitting information to and from other neurons, muscles, or glands.
4
Q
Neuroglia
A
Cells in the brain and spinal cord that form a supporting structure for the neurons and provide them with insulation
5
Q
Neurosecretory Tissues
A
Neurons that translate neural signals into chemical stimuli
6
Q
Cell Body
A
The core and central structure of a neuron containing a nucleus and other specialized organelles that aid in nervous system function
7
Q
Axon
A
The thin tail like structure of a neuron that generates and conducts nerve impulses
8
Q
Dendrites
A
Rootlike structures branching out from the cell body that receive and process signals from the axons of other neurons
9
Q
Sensory Neurons
A
Nerve cells involved in communicating tactile, auditory, or visual information
10
Q
Motor Neurons
A
Nerve cells that initiate muscle contraction or activate glands
11
Q
Interneurons
A
Nerve cells that connect neurons to other neurons
12
Q
Central Nervous System
A
The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
13
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
The nerves and ganglia (the relay areas for nerve signals) outside of the brain and spinal cord
14
Q
Cerebrum
A
The uppermost and larges part of the brain consisting of a left and right hemisphere; responsible for receiving and processing sensory information and controlling the body
15
Q
Cerebellum
A
The region of the brain responsible for conscious motor coordination
16
Q
Brain Stem
A
The trunk of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain that continues downward to form the spinal cord
17
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
The part of the brain where most neural integration occurs
18
Q
Midbrain
A
The brain region responsible for motor movement and processing auditory and visual information
19
Q
Pons
A
The brain region responsible for posture, facial movement, and sleep
20
Q
Medulla Oblongata
A
The base of the brain stem, responsible for involuntary functions like swallowing, sneezing, and heart function
21
Q
Thalamus
A
The brain region responsible for relaying sensory and motor signals and regulating consciousness
22
Q
Decussation
A
The point of crossover of the nervous system in vertebrates located between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord
23
Q
Frontal Lobe
A
The brain lobe involved in motor control, emotion, and language
24
Q
Motor Cortex
A
The region of the frontal lobe that plans and coordinates movement.
25
Prefrontal cortex
The part of the frontal lobe responsible for high level thinking and language
26
Parietal Lobe
The brain lobe involved in processing sensory information
27
Somatosensory cortex
The region of the parietal lobe responsible for processing sensations like pain, temperature, and touch
28
Temporal lobe
The lateral lobe of the brain responsible for hearing, memory, and emotion
29
Auditory cortex
The region of the temporal lobe responsible for hearing
30
Occipital lobe
The posterior lobe of the brain responsible for vision
31
Visual Cortex
The specific region of the occipital lobe responsible for sight and visual perception
32
Hypothalamus
The region at the base of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis
33
Homeostasis
A self-regulating process by which the body maintains the stability of its physiological processes for the purpose of optimal function
34
Spinal Cord
The neural tissue extending from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar region of the vertebral column
35
Cranial Nerves
The 12 sensory and motor nerves extending directly from the brain
36
Spinal Nerves
Bundles of nerves connected to the spinal cord carrying information toward the periphery
37
Efferent Neurons
Motor neurons sending information from the CNS to the muscles to generate movement
38
Afferent Neurons
Sensory neurons sending information from a stimulus to the CNS
39
Somatic Nervous System
The part of the nervous system in charge of controlling voluntary movement
40
Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the nervous system responsible for involuntary functions and movement
41
Sympathetic Nervous System
The autonomic System responsible for "fight or flight"
42
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The autonomic system responsible for "rest and digest"
43
Internal Stimuli
Sensory input from within the body
44
External Stimuli
Sensory input from external sources
45
Mechanoreceptors
Nervous system receptors responding to mechanical stimuli such as sound or touch
46
Proprioception
Perception or awareness of body movement or position
47
Myelin Sheath
The insulation of neuron axons, made of proteins and fats, which propagates neural impulses
48
Nerve Impulses
The electrical signals used for nerve communication
49
Sensory Integration
The way the brain works to affect responses to neural input
50
Motor Unit
A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls
51
Motor Unit Pool
A group of motor units that work together
52
Mechanical work
The amount of energy transferred by a force, the product of force and distance
53
Extrafusal Muscle Fibers
The standard skeletal muscle fibers involved in creating mechanical work
54
Alpha Motor Neurons
Motor neurons originating in the brain stem and spinal cord that initiate muscle contraction
55
Excitation Contraction Coupling
The physiological process of converting a neural impulse into a mechanical response
56
Action Potential
An explosion of electrical activity caused by a neural impulse
57
All or None Principle
The principle stating the strength of a neural electrical signal is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus so long as the neural threshold is achieved
58
Cardiac Muscle
Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart
59
Smooth Muscle
Muscle tissue in the gut and internal organs that is involuntarily controlled
60
Skeletal muscles
The voluntary muscles attached to bones via tendons (thick fibrous connective tissue) that produce human movement
61
Activities of Daily living
The tasks usually performed in the course of a normal day in a persons life, such as eating, toileting, dressing, bathing, or brushing the teeth
62
Connective Tissue
Tissue that supports, connects, or binds other tissues or organs
63
Sarcoplasm
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
64
Glycogen
The stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles
65
Myofibrils
Parallel filaments that form muscle
66
Myofilaments
The filaments of myofibrils composed of actin and myosin
67
Actin
The thin filaments of muscle myofilaments where myosin bind to contract muscles
68
Myosin
The thick filaments of myofilaments with a fibrous head, neck, and tail that bind to actin
69
Sarcomere
The contractile unit of muscle tissue
70
Z line
The lateral boundary of the sarcomere where the myofilament actin attaches
71
Endomysium
The connective tissue covering each muscle fiber
72
Epimysium
Fibrous elastic tissue that surrounds a muscle
73
Fasciculi
Bundles of muscle fibers; the singular is "fascicle"
74
Perimysium
The connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers
75
Tendon
A strong, fibrous cord made of collagen that attaches muscle to bone
76
Periosteum
A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surface of the joints
77
Neuromuscular Junction
The space between a motor neuron and muscle fiber
78
Neurotransmitter
A chemical messenger that transmits messages between neurons or from neurons to muscles
79
Acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter released by an action potential at the neuromuscular junction
80
Sliding filament Theory
The interaction of actin and myosin that describes the process of muscle contraction
81
Type 1 Fibers
Slow twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers with high mitochondrial density
82
Mitochondria
An organelle with a double membrane and many folds inside responsible for generating the chemical energy needed for biochemical reactions
83
Type 2A fibers
Fast twitch, moderately fatigable muscle fibers with moderate mitochondrial density
84
Type 8 Fibers
Fast twitch, fast-fatigable muscle fibers with low mitochondrial density
85
Size principle of fiber recruitment
Principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment threshold and firing rates
86
Fusiform Muscle
Spindle - shaped muscle
87
Convergent Muscle
Muscle fibers converging from a broad origin (fixed point where the muscle attaches closest to the torso) to a single tendon of insertion (fixed point where the muscle attaches furthest from the torso)
88
Circular Muscle
Muscle fibers surrounding an opening in the body
89
Parallel Muscle
Muscle fibers running parallel to the axis of the muscle
90
Pennate Muscles
Muscles with fascicles that attach obliquely (diagonally)
91
Penniform
Muscle fibers that run diagonally in respect to the tendon similar to a feather
92
Unipennate Muscle
Muscle fibers extending from one side of a central tendon
93
Bipennate Muscle
Muscle fibers extending from both sides of a central tendon
94
Multipennate Muscle
Muscle fibers extending from both sides of multiple central tendons
95
Muscle Actions
Force production by a muscle that can result in a change of length (i.e. shortening or lengthening) or no length change at all
96
Concentric muscle Action
When the length of a muscle shortens as tension is produced
97
Eccentric Muscle Action
When the length of a muscle increases as tension is produced
98
Isometric muscle Action
When the length of a muscle remains constant as tension is produced
99
Stretch - Shortening Cycle
The cycling between the eccentric (stretch) action of a muscle and the concentric (shortening) action of the same muscle
100
Joint
An articulation between two bones in the body
101
Axial Skeleton
The bones of the head, trunk, and vertebrae
102
Appendicular Skeleton
The bones of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs
103
Bone Marrow
The soft, spongelike tissue in the center of most bones containing stem cells of red or white blood cells or platelets
104
Cancellous Bone
The meshwork of spongy tissue (trabeculae) of mature adult bone, typically found at the core of vertebral bones and the ends of the long bones
105
Compact bone
A denser material also known as cortical bone, making up the hard structure of the skeleton
106
Osteogenesis
The process of bone formation or remodeling
107
Myositis Ossificans
A condition when bone tissue forms within a muscle or other soft tissue as a result of trauma or injury
108
Cartilage
Firm, flexible connective tissue that pads and protects joints and protects joints and structural components of the body
109
Wolff's law
The explanation for bone adaptations as a result of the loads placed on them
110
Fibrous joints
Joints with fibrous connective tissue joining two bones that allow for very little movement
111
Cartilaginous joints
Moderately movable joints made of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
112
Synovial Joints
Fluid filled joints found between bones that move against one another
113
Non synovial joints
Joints that lack a fluid junction
114
Articular Capsule
The envelope surrounding a synovial joint
115
Synovial fluid
A viscous fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints
116
Arthrokinematics
The broad term meaning joint motion that can be used in reference to all joint motions
117
Close-packed joint position
The most stable joint position, when the connective tissue is taut and neighboring bones have the most contact
118
Loose packed joint position
The less stable joint position represented by any other joint position other than close packed
119
Golgi Tendon Organ
The proprioceptive sensory organ that senses muscle tension in a tendon and inhibits muscle action
120
Feedback Loop
The return of a systems output as input for a future action
121
Muscle Spindle
The proprioceptive sensory organ that senses muscle stretch in a muscle and promotes muscle action
122
Ligaments
Short bands of tough but flexible fibrous connective tissue connecting two bones or cartilages or holding together a joint
123
Elastin
A highly elastic connective tissue allowing many tissues to retain their shape
124
Varus
An abnormal joint movement away from the midline of the body (ie bowlegged)
125
Joint Capsule
A thin, strong layer of connective tissue containing synovial fluid in freely moving joints
126
Valgus
An abnormal joint movement toward the midline of the body (ie knock kneed)
127
Perichondrium
The connective tissue enveloping cartilage everywhere except at a joint
128
Articular Cartilage
A form of hyaline cartilage located on the joint surface of bones
129
Nociceptors
Pain sensitive nerve endings
130
Hyaline Cartilage
A transparent cartilage found on most joint surfaces and in the respiratory tract, which contains no nerves or blood vessels
131
Fibrocartilage
An elastic and tough tissue containing type 1 and type 2 collagen
132
Meniscus
A form of fibrocartilage present in the knee, wrist, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joint.
133
Elastic cartilage
Flexible cartilage present in the outer ear, inner ear, and epiglottis
134
Epiglottis
A piece of elastic cartilage in the throat that opens during breathing and closes during swallowing
