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archeology > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is directional selection?

A

Natural selection that drives evolutionary change by selecting for greater or lesser frequency of a given trait in a population.

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2
Q

what is stabilizing selection?

A

Selection that maintains a certain phenotype by selecting against deviations from it.

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3
Q

what is gene flow?

A

Movement of genes between populations.

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4
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

Random changes in gene fre- quency in a population.

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5
Q

what is the founder effect?

A

A component of genetic drift theory, stating that new populations that become isolated from the parent population carry only the genetic variation of the founders.

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6
Q

what is sexual selection?

A

Differential reproductive success within one sex of any species.

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7
Q

what is sexual dimorphism?

A

Difference in size, shape, or colour between the sexes.

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8
Q

what is reproductive potential?

A

The possible offspring output by one sex.

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9
Q

what is reproductive variance?

A

A measure of variation from the mean of a population in the reproductive potential of one sex compared with the other.

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10
Q

what is systematics?

A

Branch of biology that describes patterns of organismal variation.

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11
Q

what is homology?

A

Similarity of traits resulting from shared ancestry.

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12
Q

what is analogous?

A

Having similar traits due to similar use, not due to shared ancestry.

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13
Q

what is convergent (parallel) evolution?

A

Similar form or function brought about by natural selection under similar environments rather than shared ancestry.

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14
Q

what is a cladogram?

A

Branching diagram showing evolved relationships among members of a lineage.

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15
Q

what is a species?

A

An interbreeding group of animals or plants that are reproductively isolated through anatomy, ecology, behavior, or geographic distribu- tion from all other such groups.

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16
Q

what is speciation?

A

Formation of one or more new species via reproductive isolation.

17
Q

what is reproductive isolating mechanism (RIM)?

A

Any factor—behavioral, ecological, or anatomical—that prevents a male and female of two different species from hybridizing.

18
Q

what is anagenesis?

A

Evolution of a trait or a species into another over a period of time.

19
Q

what is cladogenesis?

A

Evolution through the branching of a species or a lineage.

20
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

Speciation occurring via geographic isolation.

21
Q

what is parapatric speciation?

A

Speciation occurring when two populations have continuous distributions and some phenotypes in that distribution are more favorable than others.

22
Q

what is gradualism?

A

Darwinian view of slow, incremen- tal evolutionary change.

23
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

Large-scale evolutionary change over a long time period or evolu- tion of major phenotypic changes over relatively short time periods.

24
Q

what is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Model of evolution characterized by rapid bursts of change, followed by long periods of stasis.

25
Q

what is adaptationism?

A

A premise that all aspects of an organism have been molded by natural selection to a form optimal for enhancing reproductive success.

26
Q

what is reductionism?

A

Paradigm that an organism is the sum of many evolved parts and that organisms can best be under- stood through an adaptationist approach.

27
Q

what is the idea of a null hypothesis?

A

The starting assumption for scientific inquiry that one’s research results occur by random chance. One’s hypothesis must challenge this initial assumption.

28
Q

what is Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium?

A

The theoretical distribution of alleles in a given population in the absence of evolution, expressed as a mathematical equation.

29
Q

what is group selection?

A

Notion, largely discredited by the rise of Darwinian theory, propos- ing that animals act for the good of their social group or of their species.

30
Q

what is kin selection?

A

Principle that animals behave pref- erentially toward their genetic kin; formulated by William Hamilton.

31
Q

what is inclusive fitness?

A

Reproductive success of an organism plus the fitness of its close kin.

archeology (11 decks)

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