Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

archeology > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a pedigree?

A

A diagram used in the study of human genetics that shows the transmission of a genetic trait over generations of a family.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are prokaryotes?

A

Single-celled organisms, such
as bacteria, in which the genetic material is not separated from the rest of the cell by a nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are eukaryotes?

A

A cell that possesses a well- organized nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

In eukaryotic cells, the part of the cell in which the genetic mate- rial is separated from the rest of the cell (cytoplasm) by a plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

In a eukaryotic cell, the region within the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus; it contains organelles, which carry out the essential functions of the cell, such as energy production, metabolism, and protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

The cells of the body that are not sex cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are gametes?

A

The sex cells: sperm in males and eggs (or ova) in females.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells found in the developing embryo that can be induced to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types or tissues. Also found in adults, although adult stem cells are not as totipotent as embryonic stem cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are proteins?

A

Complex molecules formed from chains of amino acids (polypeptide) or from a complex of polypeptides. They function as structural mol- ecules, transport molecules, anti- bodies, enzymes, and hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

was is protein synthesis?

A

The assembly of proteins from amino acids that occurs at ribo- somes in the cytoplasm and is based on information carried by mRNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

A

Single-stranded nucleic acid that performs critical functions during protein synthesis and comes in three forms: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is mitochondria?

A

Organelles in the cytoplasm of the cell where energy production for the cell takes place. Contains its own DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

An organelle in the cytoplasm consisting of a folded membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

Structures composed primarily of RNA that are found on the endo- plasmic reticulum. They are the site of protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a nucleotide?

A

Molecular building block of nucleic acids DNA and RNA; consists of a phosphate, sugar, and base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a base?

A

Variable component of the nucle- otides that form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. In DNA, the bases are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine.

17
Q

what are amino acids?

A

Molecules that form the basic building blocks of protein.

18
Q

what is a codon?

A

A triplet of nucleotide bases in mRNA that specifies an amino acid or the initiation or termination of a polypeptide sequence.

19
Q

what is transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

RNA molecules that bind to spe- cific amino acids and transport them to ribosomes to be used during protein synthesis?

20
Q

what is a chromatin?

A

The diffuse form of DNA as it ex- ists during the interphase of the cell cycle.

21
Q

what is mitosis?

A

Somatic cell division in which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

22
Q

what is meiosis?

A

Cell division that occurs in the testes and ovaries that leads to the formation of sperm and ova (gametes).

23
Q

what are chromosome?

A

Discrete structure composed of condensed DNA and supporting proteins.

24
Q

what is a centromere

A

Condensed and constricted region of a chromosome. During mitosis and meiosis, location where sister chromatids attach to one another.

25
Q

what is diploid number?

A

Full complement of paired chro- mosomes in a somatic cell. In hu- mans, the diploid number is 46 (23 pairs of different chromosomes).

26
Q

what is a haploid number

A

The number of chromosomes found in a gamete, representing one from each pair found in a dip- loid somatic cell. In humans, the haploid number is 23.

27
Q

what is the locus?

A

The location of a gene on a chro- mosome. The locus for a gene
is identified by the number of the chromosome on which it is found and its position on the chromosome.

28
Q

what are alleles?

A

Alternative versions of a gene. Alleles are distinguished from one another by their different effects on the phenotypic expression of the same gene.

29
Q

define homozygous

A

Having the same allele at the loci for a gene on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes (or autosomes).

30
Q

define heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles at the loci for a gene on a pair of homologous chromosomes (or autosomes).

31
Q

what is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg.

32
Q

what is crossing over?

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromo- somes during the first prophase of meiosis; mechanism for genetic recombination.

33
Q

what is recombination?

A

The rearrangement of genes on homologous chromosomes that occurs during crossing over in mei- osis. Source of variation arising out of sexual reproduction; important for increasing rates of natural selection.

34
Q

what is a karyotype

A

The complete chromosomal com- plement of an individual; usually based on a photograph of the chromosomes visualized under the microscope.

35
Q

what are autosomes?

A

Any of the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes.

36
Q

what are sex chromosomes?

A

In mammals, chromosomes X and Y, with XX producing females and XY producing males.

37
Q

what is nondisjunction error?

A

The failure of homologous chro- mosomes (chromatids) to sepa- rate properly during cell division. When it occurs during meiosis,
it may lead to the formation of gametes that are missing a chro- mosome or have an extra copy of a chromosome.

38
Q

what is the polymerase chain reaction?

A

Method for amplifying DNA se- quences using the Taq polymerase enzyme. Can potentially produce millions or billions of copies of a DNA segment starting from a very small number of target DNA.

39
Q

what is mitochondrial DNA?

A

Small loop of DNA found in the mitochondria. It is clonally and maternally inherited.

archeology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions