chapter 7

Question 1

why did we evolve big brains?

Answer 1

so that we could communicate and stratigize?

Question 2

why did we become obligate bipeds?

Answer 2

1: tool use, and dexterity with hands.
2: thermoregulation (reach air flow)
3: efficiency of locomotion (use of energy)

Question 3

why did we get reduced hair coverage?

Answer 3

tied to the development of sweating a very effective way of thermoregulation system in hot weather.

Question 4

how did we start hunting and eating meat?

Answer 4

A larger brain made it easier to stratigize when hunting. A larger brain also provided a reason to eat more nutrient dense food.

Question 5

when was there a jump in brain size.

Answer 5

When the Australopithicenes evolved into the hominin species

Question 6

what is encephalization quotient(eq)?

Answer 6

formula that allows comparison for brain size to body size

Question 7

what is an endocranial cast?

Answer 7

shows the brain size of a fossil

Question 8

what is socialization theory?

Answer 8

group social interaction is more cognitively complex than most other types of behavior. This requires a bigger brain.

Question 9

successful navigation in social groups, requires each of us to monitor three levels of complexity what are they?

Answer 9

1: keep track of your relationship with every individual.
2: keep track of the relationships others have with individuals.
3: these relationships are always changing.

Question 10

what is the main purpose of language?

Answer 10

language allows us to more accurately and directly express our desires and intentions.

Question 10

what gives us the ability of hyper-cooperation? (3)

Answer 10

ability to know what others are thinking (theory of mind) we have the ability to attribute mental states to others
2: ability to understand and appreciate the value of cooperating to achieve a common goal.
3: ability to put our individual goals and emotions on hold to achieve that shared goal

Question 11

would langauge be used to often assist in group hunts?

Answer 11

no, because they would hand signs instead.

Question 12

what is dissembling? or to dissemble

Answer 12

lie or white lie

Question 13

some major advantages of language?

Answer 13

communicate about the past and future, store information collectively, super charges culture, helps communicate about things that are not present and abstract concepts

Question 14

what are the two main types of sweat glands that mamals have?

Answer 14

sebaceous glands and eccrine glands.

Question 15

what type of sweat gland do humans have more of?

Answer 15

eccrine glands(2-4m)

Question 16

when would a darker skin have appeared in our ancestors?

Answer 16

An extended period of time in enviroments UV radiation was stronger would cause the selection of a darker skin tone

Question 17

what does the human digestive system indicate?

Answer 17

its much shorter than a herbivores and around the length of a carnivores indicating the fact that humans are more similar to carnivores then herbivores.

Question 18

why is meat eating important to encephilization?

Answer 18

more nutrients and energy required to run the brain.

Question 19

what 4 factors influence the amount of energy an organism needs?

Answer 19

1: the organisms body size
2: the environment it lives in
3: the organisms metabolism
4: type of nutrition

Question 20

what is the cooking hypothesis?

Answer 20

the discovery of fire and cooking supported a larger brain.

Question 20

what methods could the body use to adapt for the amount of energy the brain takes?

Answer 20

change diet (eat foods with with more protein and fat)
discover fire (cooked food digests more efficiently)

Question 21

what is complex language theory?

Answer 21

the theory that complex hunting requires complex language.
as-well as the theory that complex is necessary for teaching offspring.

Question 22

who came up with the theory that we developed bipedalism for tool use?

Answer 22

darwin

Question 23

who came up with the theory that bipedalism was developed for thermo regulation?

Answer 23

Peter Wheeler

Question 24

what is a plastic trait?

Answer 24

changes quickly based on a change in the environment

Question 25

what do sebaceous glands produce?

Answer 25

oil

Question 26

what do eccrine gland produce?

Answer 26

H2o(water)

Question 27

what are the first large bodied hominins?

Answer 27

ergaster

Question 28

why did large bodied hominins occur?

Answer 28

thermoregulation. Hunting larger animals

Question 29

how long ago did dark skin appear in hominions and how long for white skin?

Answer 29

2million years for dark
10,000 for white.

Question 30

what is the hunting hypothasis

Answer 30

reduction in canine size was a response to using tools.

Question 31

what is the purpuse of concealed ovulation in hominins

Answer 31

to prevent altercations between males and keep monogamy present (enabling males to work together and stop competing)

Question 32

how long has meat been important for hominins according to fossil records.

Answer 32

2 million

Question 33

who made the expensive tissue hypothesis?

Answer 33

Lieslie Aiello and Peter Wheeler

Question 34

what is the expensive tissue hypothisis?

Answer 34

an organsims body produces a phinite amount of energy. each system takes energy from the bodys reserves so it must provide an adaptive advantage to be worth it.

Question 35

amount of available energy is determined by? (4)

Answer 35

organsim body size
the environment it lives in
organsim metabolism
type of nutrition

Question 36

who made the cooking hypothisis?

Answer 36

Richard Wranghan