11 Flashcards
what site do the oldest neanderthal fossils come from and how old are they?
Sima De Los huesos, 450k years old and the mo
how old are the most recent living neanderthal fossils dated to?
40k years ago
what is adaptive introgression?
when genetic material from one species moves into the gene pool of another species and is selected for and stays.
name some things that AMH’s (anatomically modern humans) have different then our ancestors?
our cranium is rounder and proportionally longer, comparing to other skulls of neanderthals ect, they tend to have skulls that are horizontally wider. pentagonal shape in the rear of the skull. we lack a retro molar gap.
what is the cranial capacity of homo sapiens spapiens (us)?
1350cc
what was the cranial capacity of early Homo sapiens and homo Neanderthalensis?
1450cc
what was the brain capacity of Hiedelbergensis?
1250cc
what was the brain capacity of Homo Erectus?
1000cc
what was the brain capacity of Homo Ergaster?
850cc
are AMH’s the tallest homonins?
yes probably by a very small margin.
can you list some facts about AMH skeletal morphology?
narrow build(not as wide in the body)
less robust then Neanderthals and H. hiedelbergensis
high crural index (80 like Erectus/Ergaster/Hiedelbergensis)
Cyndrical rib cage (not conical)
what where the names of the 2 sites the earliest Homo Sapiens fossils where found and where are the sites located?
Jebel Irhoud (Morocco) and Omo Kibish (Ethiopia). Both are in Africa.
What was found in Jebel Irhoud and how old was it?
2 Crania and a mandible
300,000 ya
cranial capacity of 1450cc
Notable AMH features.
What was found in Omo Kabish and how old was it?
200,000 ya very similar to AMH
2 crania
what do Grotte des contrebandiers, Qafzeh and skhul and caves on coast of S. Africa have in common?
AMH fossiles found that date back to 100k to 70k years ago.
What was found in grotte des contrandiers in morocco?
a fully modern child: 8-10 years old
100ks years old, potential shell beads found in the burial.
what was found in Qafzeh cave Isreal?
5 intentionally buried individuals
fully atomically modern
100,000
but the one of the skulls had a 1510 cc
what was found in skhul cave Isreal?
remains of at least 10 individuals,
80,000 years old.
variability in omong skeletons some more neanderthal like. one skull had a 1520 cc thought to be a neanderthal modern human hybrid
what was found in the Mungo (Australia) remains?
over 40k year old remains
clear burials
one male with red ochre
stone tools in older layers
what was found Luijiang (China)?
well preserved cranium
and post cranial bits
30,000/40,000 years old
oldest AMH fossils in East Asia
what was found in
Cromagnon France?
up to 8 individuals
27,000 years ago
bone pits and flint blades
what was found in predmosti, Morvia, czech republic?
18 individuals
30,000 years ago
mixture of neanderthal and AMH traits. potential hybrids?
what was found in Pestera cu oase, Romania?
40,000 years old one of the oldest AMH skeletons in Europe. has 5-10% neanderthal DNA
what are the two main hypotheses for how Homo Sapiens Sapiens became to be the only Homo
species?
complete replacement or “out of Africa” and the regional continuity theory.
what is the complete replacement out of Africa hypothesis?
AMH evolved exclusivley in Africa 300,000 to 150,000 years ago shortly after 100,000 we spread out from Africa.
between 70,000 and 40,000 years ago we replaced all other homonin species in the world.
what is the regional continuity hypothesis?
AMH evolved as multiple populations
apeared at more or less the same time in Africa, Asia and Europe
not parallel evolution
multiple gene flows through different populations interacted like a single population.
what is a good way to measuer how old a language is?
the older the language the higher the phoneme diversity
when is the earliest evidence of material culture?
70,000 years ago (blade technology)
60,000 years ago bone tools small spear points.
when did blade technology and bone tools reach W Europe
40,000 years ago
when did blade technology and bone tools reach the middle east?
50,000 years ago.
when did blade technology and bone tools reach South Africa?
70,000 years ago
when did blade technology and bone tools reach SE Europe
45,000 years ago
when did the first carvings apear?
40,000 years ago
when and what did H. Hiedelbergensis split into
500,000 years ago into Neanderthals and modern humans
