Chapter 5

Question 1

What did Adler believed that the primary driving force behind human behavior was?

Answer 1

the striving for superiority or the desire to overcome feelings of inferiority

Question 2

what is the approach of Adler called?

Answer 2

individual psychology

Question 3

According to Adler, what is the goal of therapy?

Answer 3

the goal of therapy is to help individuals overcome feelings of inferiority, develop a stronger sense of social interest, and create a more positive and constructive style of life.

ex. imagery “picture yourself doing exactly what you want to do, how would things change”

Question 4

according to adler, what can you transform feelings of inferiority into?

Answer 4

motivation for personal growth and achievement.

Question 5

according to adler, what indicates mental health of a person

Answer 5

striving for superiority + social interest

Question 6

what’s the single motivation source for adler?

Answer 6

striving for superiority

Question 7

what can lead to excessive feelings of inferiority (in childhood) according to Adler?

Answer 7

• Physical or Mental Limitations: feel inadequate compared to others
• Pampering or Overindulgence: become overly dependent on others
• Neglect or Abuse: internalize a sense of worthlessness

Question 8

fictional finalism

Answer 8

refers to the idea that individuals are motivated by an idealized, fictional goal or ultimate purpose that gives direction and meaning to their lives

ex. “I will only be happy if I become the best in my field and achieve widespread recognition.” Even though this might be an unrealistic goal, it motivates them to work hard, seek validation, and push themselves in their career.

Question 9

meaning of Teleological

Answer 9

geared towards the future

Question 10

when does inferiority complex developp

Answer 10

when a person is unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings
-poor self-opinion, helpless, difficult to cope with life demands

Question 11

when does a person develop superiority complex

Answer 11

when a person overcompensates for normal inferiority feelings

-self-centered, tend to denigrate others

Question 12

how does adler explain styles of life

Answer 12

expression of striving is different and unique for every person

Question 13

what is a mistaken lifestyle according to adler

Answer 13

unhealthy or maladaptive way of living and interacting with the world, which stems from their feelings of inferiority and an inaccurate perception of life

Question 14

mistaken life styles

Answer 14

• ruling-dominant: Individuals who try to dominate or control others to overcome their feelings of inferiority. They often engage in aggressive or manipulative behavior, using power to compensate for their perceived weaknesses.
• getting-leaning: These individuals rely heavily on others for support and do not develop self-reliance. They often expect others to meet their needs, leading to dependency and a lack of personal responsibility.
• avoidant: People who avoid challenges or social interactions to protect themselves from failure or criticism. They tend to retreat from life, avoiding risks and opportunities for growth out of fear of failure.

Question 15

What is the ideal lifestyle according to Adler?

Answer 15

Socially Useful Type: Individuals with a socially useful life style are cooperative, socially interested, and engaged in contributing to the welfare of others.

Question 16

what is the equivalent of freud’s defense mechanisms in Adler’s theory

Answer 16

Safeguarding strategies

Question 17

Safeguarding strategies: 3 forms of agression

Answer 17

Depreciation: “He doesn’t deserve to get this”

Idealization: Trying to put other down by making them look inferior compared to idealized standards

Solicitude: Let me help you with that. Can’t possibly be able to do that. See others as needing help, as being inferior.

Question 18

safeguarding strategies: accusation

Answer 18

“you messed me up on purpose!!”

Question 19

safeguarding strategies: blaming others

Answer 19

If it wasn’t from my colleague that screwed me up, i would have gotten the promotion

Question 20

safeguarding strategies: moving backwards

Answer 20

do something easier to do well in it

Question 21

safeguarding strategies: creating obstacles

Answer 21

Goal that is difficult to achieve, you create obstacle (like too tired), to have an excuse of why you don’t accomplish goals

Question 22

safeguarding strategies: no lose situations

Answer 22

picking something that you cannot possibly fail

Question 23

According to Carl Jung, what is the personal unconscious

Answer 23

the part of the unconscious mind that consists of an individual’s repressed memories, forgotten experiences, and subliminal perceptions (material that was once conscious)

Question 24

According to Carl Jung, what is the collective unconscious?

Answer 24

deep layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all human beings: made up of inherited experiences, memories, and patterns that are common to humanity as a whole, passed down across generations. these primordial images are archetypes

Question 25

theory of collective unconscious: anima archetype

Answer 25

- the unconscious feminine side of a man - associated with emotions, intuition, creativity, and the ability to form deep emotional connections

Question 26

what happens if anima is poorly integrated ? (consciously acknowledged or embraced)

Answer 26

qualities can manifest in a problematic way: it can lead to emotional instability or the projection of idealized images of women onto real individuals

Question 27

theory of collective unconscious: animus archetype

Answer 27

- the unconscious masculine side of a woman - associated with rationality, assertiveness, independence, and a sense of power or will

Question 28

What happens when the animus is not integrated (consciously acknowledged or embraced)

Answer 28

qualities can manifest in a problematic way: domineering or overly critical attitudes, or as an attraction to aggressive or authoritarian men.

Question 29

what's the general idea of the animus and anima archetypes

Answer 29

These archetypes are considered complementary aspects of the human psyche and are part of Jung's idea that each person contains both masculine and feminine energies, regardless of their biological sex.

Question 30

key archetypes: the persona archetype

Answer 30

The mask or role that individuals present to the outside world, often shaped by social expectations.

Question 31

key archetype: the shadow archetype

Answer 31

Represents the darker, hidden side of the personality, including desires and qualities that are often rejected or repressed. primitive animal drive

Question 32

key archetype: the self archetype

Answer 32

Represents the whole of the psyche and the quest for wholeness or individuation (the process of becoming who one truly is)

Question 33

according to carl jung, what is the ego

Answer 33

- the conscious thinking part of the psyche. - mediator between the outer world (reality and social roles) and the inner world (unconscious desires, memories, and emotions).

Question 34

Carl Jung identified two primary attitudes of the psyche: extraversion and introversion. These attitudes describe the way individuals

Answer 34

orient their energy and attention, either toward the external world or the inner world

Question 35

Carl Jung proposed four primary psychological function

Answer 35

Thinking: making decisions based on logic, analysis, and objectivity Feeling: also a decision-making process, but it is based on values, empathy, and emotional considerations Sensation: focuses on perceiving the world through the senses. detects object. Intuition: perceiving possibilities, patterns, and abstract connections (gut feeling

Question 36

jung's psychological types

Answer 36

Extraverted vs introverted + Feeling, sensing, intuition, thinking 8 total, all called extraverted feeling, extraverted sensing etc.

Question 37

jung's psychological types are very similar to

Answer 37

Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Question 38

what is individuation according to carl jung?

Answer 38

integration of all conscious and unconscious facets of personality. Individuation is the journey of becoming the most authentic version of oneself

Question 39

How to reach fulfillment according to carl jung?

Answer 39

comes through the process of individuation: confront the unconscious, dethrone the persona, accept the dark side, accept the anima and animus, transcent

Question 40

what did Horney agree with freud on

Answer 40

child does develop feelings of jealousy of the father

Question 41

what did Horney disagree with freud on

Answer 41

didn;t agree with notions of oedipal complex and his division of the mind into id/ego/superego

Question 42

the core of Horney's theory

Answer 42

if the parents are neglectful of the children (ridicule, humiliation, isolation) child will develop hostility towards the parent. need to have this feeling of safety

Question 43

Basic Evil

Answer 43

refers to the harmful, neglectful, or inappropriate treatment of a child by their caregivers (Neglect, Overprotection, Rejection etc)

Question 44

Basic Hostility

Answer 44

When children experience basic evil (neglect or mistreatment), they naturally develop feelings of anger and resentment toward their caregivers This hostility is often repressed because the child is afraid of losing whatever support they still receive from their caregivers.

Question 45

Basic Anxiety

Answer 45

deep-seated feeling of helplessness, fear, and insecurity that arises when a child feels isolated and vulnerable in a hostile or unpredictable world

Question 46

to cope with basic anxiety, how does Horney call what individuals normally develop:

Answer 46

neurotic coping strategies/neurotic needs

Question 47

what's the difference between a neurotic person and a healthy person in terms of neurotic coping strategies

Answer 47

everyone has neurotic needs but a neurotic person will make one need the focal point in their life

Question 48

examples of neurotic needs (Horney identified 10 in total)

Answer 48

need for affection and approval, need for a partner who will run one's life, need to live one's life within narrow limits, need for power, need to exploit others...

Question 49

individuals often develop neurotic coping strategies that are part of 3 trend categories (also called adjustment patterns), which are they?

Answer 49

1- movement toward people (compliant) 2- movement against people (aggressive) 3- movement away from people (detached)

Question 50

Unlike Freud, who focused primarily on early childhood and sexual development, Erikson believed that

Answer 50

personality continues to develop throughout life, shaped by challenges at different stages

Question 51

His theory is often called

Answer 51

ego psychology, because he emphasized the role of ego. powerful and independent part of personality

Question 52

what is the principal function of the ego

Answer 52

to establish and maintain a sense of identity

Question 53

what are crises according to Eirk Erikson

Answer 53

turning points encountered by people in personality development

Question 54

what determines the direction of personality development according to Erik Erikson

Answer 54

how a person resolves a crisis ex. can results in a specific virtue, or psychological strength

Question 55

true or false? if you don't solve one stage you can still resolve the next ones

Answer 55

false, if you don't solve one stage it's going to be hard to solve the others

Question 56

Stage 1 : basic trust vs mistrust (Infancy: Birth to 18 months)

Answer 56

- Starts developing whether the world is a trusting place or a world where you should distrust people - If needs are consistently met, they develop a sense of trust. If not, mistrust, fear, and suspicion of the world may develop.

Question 57

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood: 18 months to 3 years)

Answer 57

Can I do things on my own, or will I always need help? Children start gaining independence by learning to walk, talk, and make choices. If caregivers encourage autonomy, the child gains confidence. Over-control or criticism can lead to feelings of shame and doubt about their abilities.

Question 58

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age: 3 to 5 years)

Answer 58

Is it okay for me to take initiative and try new things? Children begin asserting control and power over their environment by initiating activities and making decisions. Encouragement leads to a sense of initiative, while discouragement or excessive punishment can result in guilt.

Question 59

Stage 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age: 6 to 12 years)

Answer 59

Can I be successful in learning and socializing? When encouraged, they develop a sense of competence. When they face repeated failure or negative feedback, they may feel inferior.

Question 60

Stage 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: 12 to 18 years)

Answer 60

Who am I, and where am I going in life? Adolescents explore different roles, values, and beliefs to form their identity. Successful resolution leads to a clear sense of self. Failure results in confusion about one's identity and future role in society.

Question 61

Stage 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood: 18 to 40 years)

Answer 61

Can I form close, meaningful relationships? Decide wheather to spend the rest of your life on your own or find spouse, family. ability to form intimate relationships leads to connection and love, while failure results in isolation and loneliness.

Question 62

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 40-65 years)

Answer 62

Can I contribute to the world and the next generation? Can I pass on something to the next generation? Success in career, family, and community leads to generativity—contributing to society. Stagnation occurs if the person feels unproductive or disconnected.

Question 63

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age, 65+ years)

Answer 63

Did I live a meaningful life? In reflecting on life, a sense of integrity emerges from feeling fulfilled, while despair arises from regret and dissatisfaction.