Chapter 14

Question 1

What words was the traditional approach of Masculinity-Femininity replaced with?

Answer 1

Agency (independence, assertiveness, and control)

Communion (Attachment, cooperation, and interpersonal connection)

Question 2

Androgyny Model

Answer 2

challenges traditional gender role stereotypes by proposing that individuals can embody both masculine and feminine traits, which are seen as complementary rather than oppositional.

-masculinity and femininity are on different dimensions
-you can score high or low on both.

Question 3

What is the most well-adjusted person according to the Androgyny Model?

Answer 3

A person that is both masculine and feminine.

Question 4

How can androgyny be positively translated into day-to-day life?

Answer 4

Androgynous individuals tend to be more flexible and adaptive in their behavior. For example, they might be assertive and competitive in work settings (traditionally masculine) but nurturing and empathetic in personal relationships (traditionally feminine). This adaptability is linked to greater mental health and well-being.

Question 5

What did the congruence model say on gender type and well-being?

Answer 5

men who are highly masculine and women who are highly feminine are more psychologically well-adjusted (alignment with traditional gender roles)

Question 6

What did the masculinity model say on gender type and well-being?

Answer 6

The masculinity model posits that masculine traits, such as assertiveness, independence, and self-reliance, are more closely associated with psychological well-being, regardless of an individual’s biological sex.

Question 7

What make feminine and androgynous people preferable partners:

Answer 7

-sensitive to others’ needs
-more aware and better able to express romantic feelings
-feminine and androgynous individual communicate well

Question 8

What is unmitigated Agency and Unmitigated Communion ?

Answer 8

Unmitigated Agency: High in agency, extremely low on communion (extreme expression of traditionally masculine traits)

Unmitigated communion: High in communion, extremely low on agency (extreme expression of traditionally feminine traits)

Question 9

Some examples of impacts of Unmitigated Agency

Answer 9

• Emotional Suppression and Stress (to avoid vulnerability)
• Social Isolation (too big focus on independence and personal achievement)
• Aggression and Toxic Masculinity (aggression, dominance, and competitiveness)
• Reduced Empathy (too much focus on personal achievement and control)
• Burnout (focus on achievement)

Question 10

Some examples of impacts of Unmitigated Communion

Answer 10

• Self-Sacrifice and Loss of Identity (focus too much on others’ needs and emotions)
• Emotional burnout (focus too much on other’s needs and emotions)
• Enabling Dysfunctional Behavior (overlook unhealthy behaviors in others to maintain harmony)
• Reduced Assertiveness (don’t set healthy boundaries)
• Dependent Relationships (other party relies too much on them for emotional support)

Question 11

What are the four key steps involved in Albert Bandura’s Four-Step Model of Observational Learning?

Answer 11

Attention: The observer must focus on the model.

Retention: The observer must remember the behavior.

Reproduction: The observer must have the ability to reproduce the behavior.

Motivation: The observer must be motivated to perform the behavior, often influenced by rewards or reinforcement.

Question 12

Best condition for number of acts imitated in Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment

Answer 12

Children see a toy they LIKE + the person gets rewarded for the action (liked act).

Question 13

What do the studies show on amount of tv watched as a kis vs likelihood of acting aggressively in adulthood

Answer 13

Frequent exposure to aggressive models on television increases aggressive behavior over the short run and many years later

Question 14

Why are psychologists worried about video games in children?

Answer 14

Because often players of video games are rewarded for killing police, soldiers, cyborgs, and innocent bystanders.

And when violence gets rewarded, induce the most violence acts

Question 15

what is learned helplessness

Answer 15

psychological state in which an individual comes to believe they have no control over the outcomes of their actions, especially after repeated exposure to uncontrollable and aversive situations. This perception of helplessness leads to a passive resignation

Question 16

How does learned helplessness impact learning in the dog experiment?

Answer 16

The ones that couldn’t stop the shock in the first experiment learnt more slowly to jump over the other side of the shuttle-box to avoid the shock.

Because they learned in the past that there’s nothing they can do to stop hurting

Question 17

Lack of motivation and activity seen in elderly may be a form of highly generalized _

Answer 17

learned helplessness.

Because, for example, when they try something, they can injured. So they just give up, and this can generalized to other aspects of life.

Question 18

Internal vs external locus of control orientation

Answer 18

internal locus of control: believe that outcomes in their lives are largely a result of their own actions, decisions, and efforts

external locus of control: their outcomes are determined by external forces such as fate, luck, societal structures, or other people.

An external locus of control is often associated with higher rates of mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and learned helplessness.
It can result in a sense of powerlessness, where individuals feel unable to influence their lives or escape negative situations, leading to hopelessness.