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Personality > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What contributes to a person’s behaviour?

A
  • Situation. The power of the situation.
  • The person.
    Interaction between the two.
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2
Q

What is a more “textbook” definition of personality

A

Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual.

So 2 parts
- consistent patterns of behavior: individual behavior is consistent across time and situations
- intrapersonal processes: emotional, motivational, and cognitive processes that influence individual’s feelings and actions

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3
Q

The APA definition

A

Enduring configuration of characteristics and behavior that comprises an individual’s unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns

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4
Q

Trait

A

Personality characteristics that determine a person’s behaviour or by which it can be explained

“oh that’s because he’s outgoing, patient, lazy…”

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5
Q

Interest

A

Something that is significant to the individual or that arouses an individual’s attention

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6
Q

Drive

A

A ready state of action, motivating a person to attain a goal

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7
Q

Value

A

A moral principal for what it considered good or bad

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8
Q

self-concept

A

one’s description of oneself

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9
Q

The Big Five Personality Dimensions

A

Openness to Experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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10
Q

Which of the big five has a negative relationship with sales performance

A

Agreeableness

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11
Q

Which of the big five as a positive relationship with sales performance

A

Consciensciousness, Openness

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12
Q

Excessive time on social media

A
  • associated with anxiety and depression (correlation)
  • lonely, introverted, low self- esteem
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13
Q

Approaches to personality: psychoanalytic

A

unconscious mind is responsible for important differences in behavior styles

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14
Q

Approaches to personality: biological

A

Inherited predispositions and physiological processes contribute to differences in personality

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15
Q

What’s Eysenck theory of physiological arousal (biological approach)

A

The extraverted person lacks physiological arousal (brain activity, dopamine levels, activity of the sympathetic nervous system, reactivity, etc.). Sounds counterintuitive. But low level of physiological arousal is uncomfortable. So constantly trying to bring up level of arousal, by engaging in activities that are typically arousing.

People that are introverted have inherited higher levels of physiological arousal. If they do intense activities, then it becomes uncomfortable. They seek to lower level of physiological arousal.

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16
Q

Approaches to personality: Humanistic

A

Personal responsibility and feelings of self acceptance cause differences in personality

17
Q

Link Maslow and personality

A

Difficult to grow if you don’t have your basic needs met. And different levels of self-acceptance leed to different types of personalities

18
Q

Maslow’s hiercharchy of needs

A
  1. physiological needs: air, water, food, shelter, sleep
  2. safety needs: personal security, employment, resources, health
  3. love and belonging: friendship, intimacy, family, connection
  4. Esteem: respect, self-esteem, recognition
  5. self-actualization: desire to become the most that one can be
19
Q

Reward deficiency syndrome (Kenneth Blum)

A

Sensation seekers, because of their lower numbers of inherited D2 receptors, are constantly motivated by the search for more intense sources of rewards.

It’s like pleasurable activities are not as pleasurable. So you look for more intense experiences to heighten level of dopamine. Drink more alcohol.

20
Q

Jaak Panksepp’s affective neuroscience theory

A

He proposed that emotions are deeply rooted in neural circuits and play a central role in survival, behavior, and social interaction. His work emphasizes that emotions are not just psychological experiences but arise from specific brain systems

21
Q

What are the seven core emotional systems identified by Panksepp

A

SEEKING: A system that drives exploration and goal-directed behavior. It’s associated with curiosity, motivation, and anticipation of rewards.

RAGE: Linked to anger and aggression, it arises when an organism’s survival is threatened or its goals are blocked.

FEAR: Governs responses to danger and prepares the organism to fight or flee.

LUST: Governs sexual desires and reproductive behaviors, facilitating attraction and bonding.

CARE: Involves nurturing behaviors, especially between parents and offspring, and is associated with feelings of warmth and protection.

PANIC/GRIEF: Associated with feelings of social loss, separation, and attachment, this system governs the distress caused by social isolation.

PLAY: Drives social interactions, bonding, and joy through playful behaviors, often observed in young animals and humans.

22
Q

What’s the link between Jaak Panksepp’s affective neuroscience theory and personality

A

According to Panksepp, the seven core emotional systems are dimensions of personality. We’re different because we differ in the inherited levels of activity of these different brain systems

23
Q

Approaches to personality: behaviourism

A

consistent behavior patterns are the result of conditioning ans expectations. Behaviourist want history of reward and punishment to know how they will act as a person

24
Q

Approaches to personality: cognitive

A

How people process information (thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and problem-solving strategies) and how these mental processes influence their personality traits and behavior patterns.

25
Q

according to humanistic perspective, where does aggression come?

A

When you can’t achieve your needs.

26
Q

according to behavioral approach, where does aggression come from?

A

if you observed aggression and people got rewarded for their aggression. seeing aggression + reward together.

27
Q

according to cognitive approach, where does aggression come from?

A

If your thoughts tell you there’s a threat you might act in a way that is aggressive to counter the threath. Perception.

28
Q

psychoanalytic approach explanation to depression

A

depression is a result of holding unconscious feelings of anger and hostility

29
Q

trait approach explanation to depression

A

general emotional level at present can indicate a person emotions in the future. Negative about the present, negative about the future, negative about the world. Overfocusing on the negative.

30
Q

MMPI - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A

one of the most widely used psychological assessments for evaluating personality and psychopathology

31
Q

advantages of MMPI

A
  • objective scoring: no interpretation, the score is your personality
  • quick assessment
32
Q

disadvantages of MMPI

A
  • not suited for people who possess limited reading skills
  • tendency to provide socially desirable answers
33
Q

the dark triad

A

set of three personality traits that are considered socially aversive, often associated with manipulative, self-serving, and potentially harmful behaviors.
These traits are:
- narcissism (self-importance, entitlement, and a need for admiration)
- machiavellianism (manipulativeness, a focus on self-interest, and a pragmatic, often cynical view of the world)
- psychopathy (impulsivity, a lack of empathy or remorse, superficial charm, and antisocial behavior)

34
Q

The International Personality Item Pool (IPIP)

A

PIP is an open-source resource, designed to provide a free alternative to commercial personality assessments like the Big Five Inventory (BFI) or the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

  • closely linked with the Big Five personality traits—Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Many of its scales are designed to assess these traits, but it also includes items for measuring narrower sub-traits and other personality dimensions.
35
Q

normally in online testing what two types of questionnaires do psychologists try to correlate

A

personality & beliefs

Ex. Conscientiousness is often linked to conservative beliefs, as it reflects a preference for structure, tradition, and rule-following.

36
Q

Rorschach test

A
  • projective test
  • cards ambiguous do not represent anything specific
  • to explore a person’s unconscious mind, emotional state, and personality traits
36
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A
  • another projective test
  • picture cards depicting different scenes or ambiguous situations involving people
  • participants explain what they think is happening in the scene
  • look for recurring themes

Personality (8 decks)

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