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Microbiology (1-5) > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Label and name with charge each part of an atom

A

…

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2
Q

what is an atom composed of

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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3
Q

atom

A

the smallest piece of an element that retains the characteristics of the element

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4
Q

protons and neutrons

A

close together in the nucleus, which is the center of the atom

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5
Q

electrons

A

surround the nucleus - very small and move fast

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6
Q

what do chemicals make up

A
  • our bodies
  • the bodies of other organisms
  • microorganisms
  • the physical environment
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7
Q

matter

A

any material that takes up space

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8
Q

element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances

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9
Q

compound

A

a substance consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratios

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10
Q

examples of compound elements

A
  • sodium chloride
  • table salt
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11
Q

What are the elements that are required for the human host

A
  • oxygen (O)
  • carbon (C)
  • hydrogen (H)
  • nitrogen (N)
  • calcium (Ca)
  • phosphorus (P)
  • sulfur (S)
  • sodium (Na)
  • chlorine (Cl)
  • Magnesium (Mg)
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12
Q

trace element

A
  • common additives to food and water
  • required to prevent disease
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13
Q

examples of trace element

A
  • without iron the body can’t transport oxygen (anemia)
  • iodine deficiency prevents production of thyroid hormones, resulting in goiter
  • fluoride is added to municipal water and dental products to help reduce tooth decay
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14
Q

why are chemicals added to foods

A
  • help preserve it
  • make it more nutritious
  • make it look better
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15
Q

what are some trace elements

A
  • Boron
  • Chromium
  • cobalt
  • copper
  • fluorine
  • iodine
  • iron
  • manganese
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16
Q

Water

A
  • life’s chemistry is tied to water
  • life first evolved in water
  • all living organisms require water
  • cells consist of about 75% water
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17
Q

Understand and be able to draw the water molecule with all of its parts and charges

A

…

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18
Q

Understand and be able to draw hydrogen bonds among water molecules

A

…

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19
Q

hydrogen bond

A

the polarity of water molecules results in another bond type

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20
Q

properties of water

A
  • surface tension
  • high boiling point
  • low ice density
  • ion formation
  • acid/base properties
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21
Q

water can be two things

A
  • cohesive
  • adhesive
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22
Q

cohesion

A

the tendency of water molecules to stick to one another

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23
Q

adhesion

A

the tendency to form hydrogen bonds with substances other than water

24
Q

cohesion related to surface tension

A
  • measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
25
how do hydrogen bonds relate to surface tension
- give water high surface tension, making it behave as if it were coated with an invisible film
26
cohesion facts
- much stronger for water than for other liquids - most plants depend upon cohesion to help transport water and nutrients from their roots to their leaves
27
high boiling point (specific heat)
- heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds - heat is released when hydrogen bonds are formed
28
how does the temperature of water raise
hydrogen bonds between water molecules must be broken before the molecules can move faster
29
so what happens when water warm
water absorbs a large amount of heat
30
what happens when water cools
water molecules slow down, more hydrogen bonds are made, and heat is released
31
Earth's giant water supply
- moderated temperature to keep it in the limit that permits life - resistance to temperature change stabilizes ocean temp
32
low ice density (insulation)
- water can exist as gas, liquid, solid - water is less dense as a solid than a liquid because of hydrogen bonding
33
why does ice float
it is less dense than the water
34
what happens when water fresszes
- each molecule forms a stable hydrogen bond with its neighbor
35
water expanding
water expands when it freezes
36
what are the hydrogen bonds like in ice
they are stable
37
what are hydrogen bonds like in liquid water
constantly break and re-form
38
ion formation (solvent)
water is the solvent of life
39
solution
liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances
40
solvent
dissolving agent (water)
41
solute
the substance that is dissolved
42
aqueous solution
solution where water it the solvent
43
hydrophilic
- water dissolves in hydrophilic (water loving) solutions - polar solutes - ions
44
ex of hydrophilic solution
solute being salt and solvent being water and makes saltwater which is the solution
45
hydrophobic
- water does not dissolve hydrophobic (water fearing) solutes - nonpolar molecules such as fats
46
in liquid water, what ions does water molecules break into and charges
- hydrogen ions (H+) - hydroxide ions (OH-) both types are very reactive
47
acid
a substance that donates hydrogen ions to solutions
48
base
a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
49
pH scale
- describes how acidic or basic solution is - ranges from 0 to 14
50
what does a pH unit represent
a 10-fold change in the concentration of H+ in a solution
51
buffer and what it does
- substance that minimizes changes in pH - accepts H+ when it is in excess - donates H+ when it is depleted
52
what range is acid
0-6
53
what is neutral pH
7
54
what range is basic
8-14
55
some examples of acidic
- stomach acid - pickles/ vinegar - tomatoes - urine - saliva
56
examples of basic
- ocean water - household bleach/ammonia - oven cleaner - eggs

Microbiology (1-5) (5 decks)

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