Chapter 3

Question 1

How are newborns colonized?

Answer 1

• vaginal canal
• breast feeding

Question 2

What areas should be microbe-free?

Answer 2

• body fluids
• internal tissues and organs

Question 3

what areas are normally colonized by microbes?

Answer 3

• nose
• mouth
• skin
• intestines
• scalp

Question 4

describe the two types of microflora

Answer 4

• resident microflora
• transient microflora

Question 5

resident microflora

Answer 5

microbes that are always present on or in the human body

Question 6

transient microflora

Answer 6

microbes that can present under certain conditions in any location where resident microflora are found

Question 7

what is symbiosis

Answer 7

• association between two or more species
• living together

Question 8

what are three symbiotic relationships

Answer 8

mutualism, parasitism, commensalism

Question 9

mutualism

Answer 9

both members of the association living together benefit from the relationship

Question 10

parasitism

Answer 10

one organism, the parasite, benefits from the relation, whereas other organisms, the host, is harmed by it

Question 11

commensalism

Answer 11

two species live together in a relationship such that one benefits and the other one neither benefits nor is harm

Question 12

what are the reason why organisms change the type of symbiotic relationship with host and become opportunistic?

Answer 12

• conditions for opportunistic organisms
• microbes in unusual locations
• microflora disturbances

Question 13

pathogenecity

Answer 13

the capacity to produce disease

Question 14

for pathogenecity was does it depend on for the organisms ablity

Answer 14

• invade host
• mulitply in host
• avoid being damage by the host’s defense

Question 15

virulence

Answer 15

intensity of the disease for vi

Question 16

for virulence it can vary depending on the pathogen…

Answer 16

• come give diarrhea
• some create neurological damage
• come make patient blind

Question 17

attenuation

Answer 17

• when virulence is decreased
• weakening of the disease producing ability of the path

Question 18

microbial count

Answer 18

• if a larger number of organisms enter, they may overwhelm the hosts defenses and cause disease
• threshold
• shigella only needs 10 organisms to cause dysentery

Question 19

toxins

Answer 19

any substance that is poisonous to the other organism, when in great quantities it gives intoxications

Question 20

endotoxins

Answer 20

• gram negative
• consist of LPS
• fever
• shock
• released at cell death

Question 21

exotoxins

Answer 21

• gram positive and some gram negative
• proteins, usually enzymes

Question 22

contamination

Answer 22

unwanted organisms are present

Question 23

infection

Answer 23

multiplication of any parasitic organisms within or on the host’s body

Question 24

disease

Answer 24

• disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry out all its normal functions
• disrupts the normal functioning of the host

Question 25

symptom

Answer 25

characteristics of the disease that can be observed or felt only by the patient

Question 26

sign

Answer 26

characteristics of the disease that can be observed by examining the patient

Question 27

syndrome

Answer 27

the combination of signs and symptoms that are indicative of a particular disease

Question 28

sequelae

Answer 28

after effects of the disease

Question 29

acute disease

Answer 29

disease in which the symptoms develop rapidly and that runs its course quickly

Question 30

chronic disease

Answer 30

disease in which the symptoms develop slowly and disease is slow to diasappear

Question 31

subacute disease

Answer 31

disease with symptoms intermediate between acute and chronic

Question 32

latent disease

Answer 32

disease in which symptoms appear and/or reappear long after infection

Question 33

local

Answer 33

infection confined to a small region of the body

Question 34

focal

Answer 34

infection in a confined region which pathogens travel to other regions

Question 35

systemic

Answer 35

infection in which the pathogens in spread throughout the body

Question 36

septicemia

Answer 36

presence and multiplication of pathogens in blood

Question 37

basteremia

Answer 37

presence but not multiplication of bacteria in blood

Question 38

viremia

Answer 38

presence but not multiplication of pathogens in blood

Question 39

toxemia

Answer 39

presence of toxins in blood

Question 40

sapremia

Answer 40

presence of metabolic products of saprophytes in blood

Question 41

primary infection

Answer 41

infection in a previously healthy person

Question 42

secondary infection

Answer 42

infection that immediately follows a primary infection

Question 43

superinfection

Answer 43

secondary infection is usually caused by an agent resistant to the treatment for the primary infection

Question 44

mixed infection

Answer 44

infection cause by two or more pathogens

Question 45

inapparent infection

Answer 45

infection that fails to produce full set of signs and symptoms

Question 46

communicable

Answer 46

can spread, contagious

Question 47

non-communicable

Answer 47

- not spread - caused by individual's normal microflora - poisoning after the ingestion of toxins - infections cause by certain organisms found in the environment

Question 48

disease stages graph

Answer 48

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