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Bio 110 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Capsule

A

slimy layer of polysaccharides, protects cells

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2
Q

Cell Membrane

A

The outer boundary of a cell

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3
Q

Cell Theory

A

an important unifying theory of biology

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4
Q

Cellular respiration

A

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP

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5
Q

Chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis; have double membrane

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms

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7
Q

Cilia

A

Short hairlike structures protruding from a cell that help propel a cell forward or move fluid over it. cells can have hundreds

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

protein filaments important for cell division, movement and maintaining cell shape

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure found in cell composed of DNA and proteins that carry our genetic information. Each cell usually has 23 pairs of them

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All the other stuff in a cell

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9
Q

Endomembrane System

A

interconnected system of
membrane‐enclosed compartments

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10
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Single or multi-celled, have nucleus and organelles, arose from domain Archaea

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10
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Membrane network in cytoplasm with large surface area

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11
Q

Exocytosis

A

Ejecting waste from a cell

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12
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

mitochondria and plastids arose
when one cell engulfed another

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13
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Composed of fibrous proteins (collagen), gel like proteoglycans (glycoproteins) and other proteins

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14
Q

Flagellum

A

Long tails that help a cell swim in snakelike patterns

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15
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

flattened sacs (cisternae) and small vesicles

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16
Q

Motor Proteins

A

molecular motors that can move along the cytoskeleton of cells. They convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP.

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

convert chemical‐bond energy into a usable form ‐ energy‐rich ATP

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17
Q

Internal Membrane (Mitchondrian)

A

folds inward to form cristae – creates large surface area for proteins
involved in respiration

18
Q

Microtubules

A

Cilia and eukaryotic flagella are made of these

19
Q

Nucleolis

A

contained in the nucleus, where ribosomes are assembled

19
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

double membrane surrounding nucleus

20
Q

Nucleoid

A

the irregularly shaped area of a prokaryotic cell that contains the majority of its DNA

21
Q

Organelle

A

membrane bound structures that have a specific function within the cell

21
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle that contains most of the DNA in an organism

21
Q

Peroxisome

A

collect and break down toxic byproducts of
metabolism

22
Q

Outer Membrane

A

additional phospholipid membrane
found outside the peptidoglycan layer

23
Q

Phagocyte

A

A type of immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells.

24
Q

Phagocytosis

A

process of ingesting
particles or other cells into a cell

25
Q

Pili

A

hairlike structures projecting
from cell surface; help bacteria
adhere to other cells (bacterial cells only)

26
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

a semipermeable membrane that separates the inside of a cell from its outside environment

27
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

cell membrane‐lined channels that connect adjacent plant cells

28
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single celled organisms that have no nucleus or organelles

28
Q

Primary Lysosomes

A

originate from Golgi apparatus

29
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes
that hydrolyze macromolecules into
monomers

30
Q

Ribosome

A

sites of protein synthesis

31
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Has attached ribosomes

32
Q

Secondary Lysosome

A

primary lysosomes fused with
phagosomes

33
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

no attached ribosomes

34
Q

Surface to Area Volume Ratio

A

smaller cells have more surface area relative to their volume, so they are more efficent

35
Q

Symbiosis

A

interactions between two closely living organisms that usually benefit both

35
Q

Thylakoid

A

contain chlorophyll and other pigments that harvest light energy

36
Q

Vacuole

A

found in plant, animal and protist
cells

37
Q

Golgi Apparatus Functions

A

Modify proteins from RER, which it can concentrate, package and sort. And in plant cells synthesizes the polysaccharides for the cell wall

38
Q

RER function

A

Newly made proteins enter RER lumen and are modified,
folded, transported elsewhere

39
Q

SER Functions

A

Chemically modifies small molecules such as drugs, pesticides Site of glycogen degradation in animal cells
Synthesis of lipids, steroids
Stores calcium ions

40
Q

Vacuole function

A

structure for plant cells, store waste, store pigments that attract pollinators, in seeds they have enzymes to help with early growth

41
Q

What do ALL cells have

A

cell membrane, DNA, Ribosomes, cytoplasm

42
Q

What do ALL prokaryotic cells have?

A

cell membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm, ribosomes

43
Q

What do SOME prokaryotic cells have

A

capsule, flagellum, and a cell wall

Bio 110 (11 decks)

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