Chapter 5 Flashcards
Capsule
slimy layer of polysaccharides, protects cells
Cell Membrane
The outer boundary of a cell
Cell Theory
an important unifying theory of biology
Cellular respiration
a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP
Chloroplast
site of photosynthesis; have double membrane
Chromatin
a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms
Cilia
Short hairlike structures protruding from a cell that help propel a cell forward or move fluid over it. cells can have hundreds
Cytoskeleton
protein filaments important for cell division, movement and maintaining cell shape
Chromosome
A structure found in cell composed of DNA and proteins that carry our genetic information. Each cell usually has 23 pairs of them
Cytoplasm
All the other stuff in a cell
Endomembrane System
interconnected system of
membrane‐enclosed compartments
Eukaryotes
Single or multi-celled, have nucleus and organelles, arose from domain Archaea
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Membrane network in cytoplasm with large surface area
Exocytosis
Ejecting waste from a cell
Endosymbiosis theory
mitochondria and plastids arose
when one cell engulfed another
Extracellular Matrix
Composed of fibrous proteins (collagen), gel like proteoglycans (glycoproteins) and other proteins
Flagellum
Long tails that help a cell swim in snakelike patterns
Golgi Apparatus
flattened sacs (cisternae) and small vesicles
Motor Proteins
molecular motors that can move along the cytoskeleton of cells. They convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP.
Mitochondria
convert chemical‐bond energy into a usable form ‐ energy‐rich ATP
Internal Membrane (Mitchondrian)
folds inward to form cristae – creates large surface area for proteins
involved in respiration
Microtubules
Cilia and eukaryotic flagella are made of these
Nucleolis
contained in the nucleus, where ribosomes are assembled
Nuclear Envelope
double membrane surrounding nucleus
Nucleoid
the irregularly shaped area of a prokaryotic cell that contains the majority of its DNA
Organelle
membrane bound structures that have a specific function within the cell
Nucleus
Organelle that contains most of the DNA in an organism
Peroxisome
collect and break down toxic byproducts of
metabolism
Outer Membrane
additional phospholipid membrane
found outside the peptidoglycan layer
Phagocyte
A type of immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells.
Phagocytosis
process of ingesting
particles or other cells into a cell
Pili
hairlike structures projecting
from cell surface; help bacteria
adhere to other cells (bacterial cells only)
Plasma Membrane
a semipermeable membrane that separates the inside of a cell from its outside environment
Plasmodesmata
cell membrane‐lined channels that connect adjacent plant cells
Prokaryotes
Single celled organisms that have no nucleus or organelles
Primary Lysosomes
originate from Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes
that hydrolyze macromolecules into
monomers
Ribosome
sites of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Has attached ribosomes
Secondary Lysosome
primary lysosomes fused with
phagosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
no attached ribosomes
Surface to Area Volume Ratio
smaller cells have more surface area relative to their volume, so they are more efficent
Symbiosis
interactions between two closely living organisms that usually benefit both
Thylakoid
contain chlorophyll and other pigments that harvest light energy
Vacuole
found in plant, animal and protist
cells
Golgi Apparatus Functions
Modify proteins from RER, which it can concentrate, package and sort. And in plant cells synthesizes the polysaccharides for the cell wall
RER function
Newly made proteins enter RER lumen and are modified,
folded, transported elsewhere
SER Functions
Chemically modifies small molecules such as drugs, pesticides Site of glycogen degradation in animal cells
Synthesis of lipids, steroids
Stores calcium ions
Vacuole function
structure for plant cells, store waste, store pigments that attract pollinators, in seeds they have enzymes to help with early growth
What do ALL cells have
cell membrane, DNA, Ribosomes, cytoplasm
What do ALL prokaryotic cells have?
cell membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm, ribosomes
What do SOME prokaryotic cells have
capsule, flagellum, and a cell wall
