Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 110 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes Eukaryotic cell Reproductive signals different from prokaryotic ones?

A

1.Eukaryotic cells do not constantly divide whenever condition are adequate. 2. need to benefit entire organism 3. Some cells become specialized and no longer divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm and cell separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

newly replicated chromosomes closely associated with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mitosis

A

process that segregates newly replicated chromosomes into two new nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell Cycle

A

period from one cell division to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 Broad stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interphase

A

Nucleus is visible, typical cell functions occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

G1 Phase

A

between cytokinesis and S phase, cell prepares to replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

S Phase

A

DNA is replicated, sister chromatids remain together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

G0 Phase

A

Inactive resting phase, cell enters if not preparing for division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Restriction point (G1-S phase transition)

A

commitment to DNA replication and subsequent cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

G2 phase:

A

Cell prepares for Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the phases of interphase

A

G1, S, and G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Photophosyrlation

A

addition of a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Kinase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs)

A

control progress through the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cyclin

A

allosterically regulates CDKs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does Cyclin regulate CDK’s?

A

by binding to CDK, and exposing it’s active site, turning it on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cell Cycle checkpoints

A

regulate progress through the cell cycle by checking to see if everything is in order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

G1 Checkpoint Trigger

A

DNA damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

S Checkpoint trigger

A

incomplete DNA replication or DNA damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

G2 Checkpoint trigger

A

DNA damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

M Checkpoint trigger

A

chromosomes unattached to spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

RB protein

A

inhibits the cell cycle, unless it is phosphorylated by cyclin-CDK, in which case it no longer blocks the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Growth Factors

A

proteins that allow for cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nucleosomes

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Histones

A

proteins with positive charges that attract negative phosphate groups of DNA and pack them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nucleosomes

A

beadlike units formed by the interaction of histones and DNA, 10:1 compaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA molecules bound to proteins, 50:1 compaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cohesins

A

proteins that hold sister chromatids together during G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Centromere

A

attachment site of sister chromatids, as well as spindle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Condensins

A

Coat DNA molecules to make them more compact

33
Q

What happens in Prometaphase (mitosis)

A

nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes attach to spindle

34
Q

What happens in Prophase (mitosis)

A

DNA condenses into chromosomes, spindles assemble

35
Q

What happens in Metaphase (mitosis)

A

Chromosomes align on equatorial plate

36
Q

What happens in Anaphase (mitosis)

A

Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles

37
Q

Centrosome

A

organelle located near the nucleus that organizes microtubules

37
Q

Spindle Apparatus

A

made of microtubules, move sister chromatids apart

37
Q

What happens in Telophase (mitosis)

A

Chromosomes decondense, two new nuclei form

38
Q

Kinetochore

A

structure found on each chromatid, important for chromosome movement

39
Q

Polar Microtubules

A

form framework of
spindle and run from one
pole to another

39
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

attach to kinetochores and to microtubules in opposite halves of spindle

40
Q

How does the Metaphase Checkpoint work? (Mitosis)

A

the APC is inhibited if a spindle isn’t properly attached, stopping mitosis

41
Q

APC (anaphase promoting complex)

A

activates separase, which hydrolyzes cohesion

41
Q

Daughter Chromosomes

A

Separated Chromatids

41
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

offspring are identical to their single parent

42
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

offspring receive genetic material from both parents

43
Q

Gamete

A

sex cell created via meiosis (sperm and egg cells in humans)

44
Q

Somatic cells

A

cells not specialized for reproduction

44
Q

Homologous pairs

A

matching pairs of chromosomes that carry same sequence of genes for same traits

45
Q

Haploid

A

cell with one set of chromosomes

46
Q

Diploid

A

cell with two sets of chromosomes

47
Q

Zygote

A

cell created from fused gametes (fertilized egg)

48
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division process by which a mature individual produces sex cells

48
Q

What happens in Meiosis I

A

Homologous chromosome pairs separate, but the individual chromosomes (sister chromatids) stay together

49
Q

What happens in Prophase I

A

Chromatin condenses

49
Q

What happens in Prometaphase I

A

Crossing over

50
Q

What happens in Metphase I

A

Homologous pairs line up on
equatorial (metaphase) plate

51
Q

What happens in Anaphase I

A

The paired homologous chromosomes (each with two chromatids) move toward opposite poles

52
Q

What happens in Telophase I

A

chromosomes gather into nuclei, cell divides

53
Q

Synapsis

A

specific parallel alignment (pairing) of
homologous chromosomes

54
Q

Tetrad

A

four chromatids of each
pair of homologous
chromosomes

55
Q

Chiasmata

A

regions of attachment that form between nonsister chromatids

56
Q

Crossing over

A

exchange of
genetic material between
nonsister chromatids at the
chiasmata

57
Q

Recombinant chromatids

A

result of crossing over, increases genetic variety

58
Q

Independent Assortment

A

chromosome pairs align randomly
during metaphase I

59
Q

What happens in Meiosis II

A

sister chromatids separate, final product 4 haploid daughter cells

60
Q

What happens in Prophase II

A

chromosomes condense again

61
Q

What happens in Metaphase II

A

Centromeres of paired
chromatids line up along
equatorial plate of each cell

62
Q

What happens in Telophase II

A

Chromosomes gather into nuclei, cells divide again

62
Q

What happens in Anaphase II

A

Chromatids separate, becoming chromosomes, and move to opposite poles

63
Q

Aneuploidy

A

chromosomes lacking or present
in excess

64
Q

Translocation

A

a piece of a chromosome may break away and attach to another chromosome

65
Q

Karyotype

A

number, shapes, and sizes of all chromosomes of a
cell

66
Q

Polyploid

A

organisms with complete extra sets of chromosomes

67
Q

Necrosis

A

cell is starved of oxygen and nutrients (unintentional)

68
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death (intentional)

69
Q
A

Bio 110 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions