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Bio 110 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What makes Eukaryotic cell Reproductive signals different from prokaryotic ones?

A

1.Eukaryotic cells do not constantly divide whenever condition are adequate. 2. need to benefit entire organism 3. Some cells become specialized and no longer divide

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2
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm and cell separation

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3
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

newly replicated chromosomes closely associated with each other

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

process that segregates newly replicated chromosomes into two new nuclei

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5
Q

Cell Cycle

A

period from one cell division to the next

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6
Q

3 Broad stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

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7
Q

Interphase

A

Nucleus is visible, typical cell functions occur

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8
Q

G1 Phase

A

between cytokinesis and S phase, cell prepares to replicate

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9
Q

S Phase

A

DNA is replicated, sister chromatids remain together

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10
Q

G0 Phase

A

Inactive resting phase, cell enters if not preparing for division

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11
Q

Restriction point (G1-S phase transition)

A

commitment to DNA replication and subsequent cell division

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12
Q

G2 phase:

A

Cell prepares for Mitosis

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13
Q

What are the phases of interphase

A

G1, S, and G2

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14
Q

Photophosyrlation

A

addition of a phosphate group

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15
Q

Kinase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein

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16
Q

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs)

A

control progress through the cell cycle

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17
Q

Cyclin

A

allosterically regulates CDKs

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18
Q

How does Cyclin regulate CDK’s?

A

by binding to CDK, and exposing it’s active site, turning it on

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19
Q

Cell Cycle checkpoints

A

regulate progress through the cell cycle by checking to see if everything is in order

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20
Q

G1 Checkpoint Trigger

A

DNA damage

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21
Q

S Checkpoint trigger

A

incomplete DNA replication or DNA damage

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22
Q

G2 Checkpoint trigger

A

DNA damage

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23
Q

M Checkpoint trigger

A

chromosomes unattached to spindle

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24
Q

RB protein

A

inhibits the cell cycle, unless it is phosphorylated by cyclin-CDK, in which case it no longer blocks the cell

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25
Growth Factors
proteins that allow for cell division
26
Nucleosomes
27
Histones
proteins with positive charges that attract negative phosphate groups of DNA and pack them
28
Nucleosomes
beadlike units formed by the interaction of histones and DNA, 10:1 compaction
29
Chromatin
DNA molecules bound to proteins, 50:1 compaction
30
Cohesins
proteins that hold sister chromatids together during G2
31
Centromere
attachment site of sister chromatids, as well as spindle fibers
32
Condensins
Coat DNA molecules to make them more compact
33
What happens in Prometaphase (mitosis)
nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes attach to spindle
34
What happens in Prophase (mitosis)
DNA condenses into chromosomes, spindles assemble
35
What happens in Metaphase (mitosis)
Chromosomes align on equatorial plate
36
What happens in Anaphase (mitosis)
Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
37
Centrosome
organelle located near the nucleus that organizes microtubules
37
Spindle Apparatus
made of microtubules, move sister chromatids apart
37
What happens in Telophase (mitosis)
Chromosomes decondense, two new nuclei form
38
Kinetochore
structure found on each chromatid, important for chromosome movement
39
Polar Microtubules
form framework of spindle and run from one pole to another
39
Kinetochore microtubules
attach to kinetochores and to microtubules in opposite halves of spindle
40
How does the Metaphase Checkpoint work? (Mitosis)
the APC is inhibited if a spindle isn't properly attached, stopping mitosis
41
APC (anaphase promoting complex)
activates separase, which hydrolyzes cohesion
41
Daughter Chromosomes
Separated Chromatids
41
Asexual reproduction
offspring are identical to their single parent
42
Sexual Reproduction
offspring receive genetic material from both parents
43
Gamete
sex cell created via meiosis (sperm and egg cells in humans)
44
Somatic cells
cells not specialized for reproduction
44
Homologous pairs
matching pairs of chromosomes that carry same sequence of genes for same traits
45
Haploid
cell with one set of chromosomes
46
Diploid
cell with two sets of chromosomes
47
Zygote
cell created from fused gametes (fertilized egg)
48
Meiosis
cell division process by which a mature individual produces sex cells
48
What happens in Meiosis I
Homologous chromosome pairs separate, but the individual chromosomes (sister chromatids) stay together
49
What happens in Prophase I
Chromatin condenses
49
What happens in Prometaphase I
Crossing over
50
What happens in Metphase I
Homologous pairs line up on equatorial (metaphase) plate
51
What happens in Anaphase I
The paired homologous chromosomes (each with two chromatids) move toward opposite poles
52
What happens in Telophase I
chromosomes gather into nuclei, cell divides
53
Synapsis
specific parallel alignment (pairing) of homologous chromosomes
54
Tetrad
four chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes
55
Chiasmata
regions of attachment that form between nonsister chromatids
56
Crossing over
exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids at the chiasmata
57
Recombinant chromatids
result of crossing over, increases genetic variety
58
Independent Assortment
chromosome pairs align randomly during metaphase I
59
What happens in Meiosis II
sister chromatids separate, final product 4 haploid daughter cells
60
What happens in Prophase II
chromosomes condense again
61
What happens in Metaphase II
Centromeres of paired chromatids line up along equatorial plate of each cell
62
What happens in Telophase II
Chromosomes gather into nuclei, cells divide again
62
What happens in Anaphase II
Chromatids separate, becoming chromosomes, and move to opposite poles
63
Aneuploidy
chromosomes lacking or present in excess
64
Translocation
a piece of a chromosome may break away and attach to another chromosome
65
Karyotype
number, shapes, and sizes of all chromosomes of a cell
66
Polyploid
organisms with complete extra sets of chromosomes
67
Necrosis
cell is starved of oxygen and nutrients (unintentional)
68
Apoptosis
programmed cell death (intentional)
69

Bio 110 (11 decks)

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