Chapter 3 Flashcards
Organic Molecules
Carbon based molecules
Isomers
same formula, differently arranged atoms
Structural Isomers
differ in how atoms are joined together
cis-trans isomers
differ in orientation around a double bond
Optical Isomers
occur when C atom has 4 different groups attached to it
4 molecules that make up life
Proteins, Carbohydrates, lipids, Nucleic acids
Macro Molecules
molecules containing thousands or more atoms
Functional Group
small groups of atoms that have specific chemical properties
R-OH
Hydroxyl group
R-COOH
Carboxyl Group
R-NH2
Amino Group
R-PO4-2
Phosphate group
Hydroxyl Group Properties
Polar, forms hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve molecules. Enables linkage to other molecules by condensation
Carboxyl Group Properties
Charged; acidic. ionizes living tissues to form COO- and H+. Enters condensation by giving up an -OH.
Amino Group Properties
Charged; basic accepts H+ in living tissues to form NH3+. Enters condensation by giving up H+
Phosphate Group Properties
Charged; acidic. Enters condensation reactions by giving up -OH. When bonded to another phosphate, hydrolysis releases a lot of energy
Condensation Reaction
Form polymers- energy required and H2O is removed
Hydrolysis Reaction
break down polymers into monomers, energy is released, H2O consumed
Amino acids
monomer of proteins, have a carboxyl and amino group and function as both an acid an a base
Polypeptide Chain
single unbranched chain of amino acids
Peptide Link/Bond
amino acids bounded covalently in a condensation reaction
How many protein structures are there?
4 ( Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)
Primary Structure
Determines how a protein folds
Secondary Structure
localized areas of folding (alpha and beta pleated sheets)
Tertiary Structure
folding into a 3-D shape of one polypeptide
Quaternary Structure
Two or more folded proteins joining together
Denaturing Proteins
protein whose secondary and tertiary structure has been broken down
What denatures a protein?
temperature, pH, High Concentration of polar molecules, non-polar substances
Chaperones
3-D structures that protect proteins and prevent bad reactions
Carbohydrate Formula
CH2O
Monosaccharides
simple sugars
Disaccharides
two simple sugars link by covalent bonds
Oligosaccharides
3-20 monosaccharides
polysaccharides
large polymer of monosaccharides, can contains hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides
Why are carbs important?
source of stored energy, transport energy, carbon skeleton of other molecules, form extracellular structures
Glyceraldehyde
three carbon, smallest monosaccharide, only exists as a straight chain
Pentoses
five carbon monosaccharides
Hexoses
six carbon monosaccharides
Glucose
monosaccharides, used by all cells as an energy source
Glycosidic Linkage
covalent bond formed from a condensation reaction that joins monosaccharides
Lipid
Nonpolar hydrocarbons, insoluble in water
Fats + oils
store energy
Phospholipids
structural role in cell membrane, fatty acid bound to glycerol, a phosphate group replaces one fatty acids
carotenoids + chlorophylls
capture light energy in plants
steroids + modified fatty acids
Hormones and vitamins
animal fat
thermal insulation
nerve coating
electrical insulation
oil + wax
repel water on skin, fur, and feathers
Fatty acid
nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with polar hydroxyl group
triglycerides
three fatty acids + glycerol
Saturated fatty acid
no double bond between carbons
Unsaturated fatty acids
one or more double bonds in the carbon chain
Ampithatic
2 opposing chemical properties in one molecule
Bilayer
The lining up of phospholipids in water so that the hydrophobic tails face inward and the phosphate heads face outwards
Acid
When dissolved in water, they release hydrogen ions
Base
Accept hydrogen ions
Weak acid
Not all acid molecules dissociate into ions
Weak base
does not fully accept all hydrogen ions
Buffer
weak acid and its corresponding base, useful for maintaining pH in the body, decreases the acidifying effect of an added acid
Law of mass action
addition of a reactant on one side of a reversible system drives the system in the direction that uses up that compound
