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chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors that influence classical conditioning

A

interStimulus interval, order of presentations, stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, higher conditioning

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1
Q

Four strategies to reduce undesirable behaviors, operant chamber by Skinner

A

Reinforce an incompatible behavior, stop reinforcing the problem behavior, reinforce the non-occurrence of the problem behavior, remove the opportunity to obtain positive reinforcement

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2
Q

A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an individuals experience

A

Learning

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3
Q

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavior responses

A

Conditioning

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4
Q

The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neural stimulus with a response producing stimulus until the neural stimulus elicits the same response

A

classical conditioning

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5
Q

Useful and understanding how we acquire new voluntary actions

A

Operant conditioning

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6
Q

The natural stimulus reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

The unlearned reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditional stimulus

A

Unconditioned response

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8
Q

Physiologist that digestive processes in dogs focused on conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

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9
Q

Learned reflective response to a previous neural stimulus

A

conditioned response

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10
Q

A formally neural stimulus that requires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response

A

conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

The occurrence of a learned response, not only to the original stimulus, but to other similar stimuli as well

A

Stimulus generalization

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12
Q

Zoologist that was a physiologist and studied classical conditioning

A

Charles Henry Turner

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13
Q

The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus, but not to other similar stimuli

A

Stimulus discrimination

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14
Q

A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as a unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial

A

higher order conditioning

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15
Q

The gradual weakening in apparent disappearance of a conditioned behavior

A

Extinction

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16
Q

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus

A

spontaneous recovery

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17
Q

School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning

A

Behaviorism

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18
Q

the little Albert study with the white rodents and banging a steel rod to scare child

A

Rosalie Rayner and John Watson

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19
Q

researcher that used Classical conditioning to extinguish the fears of a very young child

A

Mary cover Jones

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20
Q

Demonstrated that classical conditioning depends on the information the conditioned stimulus provides about the unconditioned stimulus, the study on rats receiving shocks at different times, the rats were processing information

A

Robert Rescorla

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21
Q

Classically conditioned, dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food

A

Taste aversion

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22
Q

who said Taste aversions could be produced in laboratory rats under controlled conditions, the study on flavored water and shot that makes them sick

A

John Garcia

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23
Q

the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses, rats taste things and birds see things

A

biological preparedness

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24
Q

Studies the law of effect and is the first psychologist to investigate animal learning, and how voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences

A

Edward Thorndike

25
Q

A learning principle in which responses followed by satisfying effects are strengthened but responses followed by the dissatisfying effects our weakened

A

Law of effect

26
Q

Psychologist that was hired by Indiana University and studied operant conditioning, studied animals, and searched for the lawful processes that would explain order in behavior,

A

B.F. Skinner

27
Q

Any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences

A

Operant

28
Q

Basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response, reinforcement, and punishment

A

Operant Conditioning

29
Q

Occurrence of a stimulus or an event following your response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated

A

Reinforcement

30
Q

A specific stimulus that increases the likelihood of a particular response because it indicates that reinforcement is likely to occur

A

discriminative stimulus

31
Q

A situation in which response is followed by the addition of a enforcing stimulus increasing the likelihood that that response will be repeated in similar situations

A

Positive reinforcement

32
Q

A situation in which a response result in the removal of avoidance of or escape from an aversion or undesired stimulus increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations

A

Negative reinforcement

33
Q

Stimulus or event that is naturally or reinforcing species

A

Primary reinforcer

34
Q

A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer

A

conditioned reinforcer

35
Q

The presentation of a stimulus or event following your behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behaviors being repeated

A

Punishment

36
Q

A situation in which an operate is followed by the presentation of an aversion stimulus

A

Positive punishment

37
Q

Removal of a situation in which an operate is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus

A

Negative Punishment

38
Q

A small cage with a food dispenser, used to study the relationship between environmental events and active behavior

A

Operant chamber, skinnerbox

39
Q

The operant conditioning procedure of selectively, reinforcing successfully approximation of a goal or behavior until the goal behavior is displayed

A

Shaping

40
Q

schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is followed by reinforcer

A

continuous reinforcement

41
Q

A situation in which occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by reinforcer

A

Partial reinforcement

42
Q

A learned response, no longer results and reinforcement in the likelihood of the behaviors being repeated gradually declines

A

Extinction in operant conditioning

43
Q

Behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction the behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement

A

partial reinforcement effect

44
Q

Delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses

A

Schedules of reinforcement

45
Q

The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors

A

behavior modification

46
Q

Studied cognitive processes of operant conditioning in learning of complex behaviors, cognitive map, latent learning

A

Edward Tolman

47
Q

Term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment

A

Cognitive map

48
Q

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement, but it’s not behaviorally demonstrated until the reinforcer becomes available

A

Latent Learning

49
Q

Studied learned helplessness, the dog being shocked over and over again on a platform

A

Martin Seligman

50
Q

Exposure to inescapable uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior

A

Learned helplessness

51
Q

Tendency of an animal to revert to its instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response

A

Instinctive drift

52
Q

Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others

A

Observational learning

53
Q

Determined that human behavior is acquired through observational learning rather than trial and error, video of children being aggressive towards the Bobo doll

A

Albert Bandura

54
Q

Brain cells that become activated both when individuals before my motor act, and when they observe the same motor act done by another individual

A

Mirror neurons

55
Q

Studied the application of operant conditioning in animals developed problems with instinctive drift

A

Keller and Marian Breland

56
Q

Number

A

Ratio

57
Q

Constant

A

Fixed

58
Q

Subject to change

A

Variable

59
Q

Time

A

Interval

60
Q

Repeat the pairing subject forms a mental association

A

acquisition phase

61
Q

who said that there is a predisposed fear of snakes because of the evolution

A

mineka and Ohman

psychology (5 decks)

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