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psychology > chapter 3 sensation and perception > Flashcards

chapter 3 sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

path of light in the eye

A

the light enters the pupil the travels through the iris which controls amount of light entering the pupil, then light enters the lens and works with the cornea to focus light on the retina

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2
Q

process of detecting a physical stimulus, such as light, sound, heat, or pressure

A

sensation

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3
Q

process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensations

A

perception

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4
Q

cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation

A

sensory receptors

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5
Q

the smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half of the time

A

absolute threshold

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6
Q

the smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time

A

difference threshold

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7
Q

the process by which physical energy is converted into a coded neural signal that can be processed by the nervous system

A

transduction

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8
Q

gradual decline in sensitivity to a constant stimuli

A

sensory adaptation

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9
Q

a thin, light sensitive membrane at the back of the eye containing sensory receptors for vision

A

retina

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10
Q

long, thin, blunt sensory receptor that are highly sensitive to light but not color

A

rods

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11
Q

short, thick, pointed sensory receptors of the eye that detect color

A

cones

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12
Q

small area at the center of the retina composed of cones and vision is focused

A

fovea

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13
Q

point at which optic nerve leaves the eyes producing a gap in the field of vision

A

blind spot

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14
Q

thick nerve that exits from the back of the eye and carries visual information to the visual cortex of the brain

A

optic nerve

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15
Q

the point of brain where optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and partly cross over to the opposite side of brain

A

optic chiasm

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16
Q

sensation of color results because cones are sensitive to red light, color blindness

A

trichromatic theory

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17
Q

color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors, when one is is stimulated the other is inhibited, after images

A

opponent process theory

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18
Q

pinna, ear canal, eardrum

A

outer ear

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19
Q

part of ear that amplifies sound waves, hammer, anvil, and stirrup

A

middle ear

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20
Q

sound is transduced into impulses, cochlea and semicircular canal

A

inner ear

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21
Q

coiled structure that contains hair cells and basilar membrane

A

cochlea

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22
Q

membrane that contains hair cells, sensory receptors for sound

A

basilar membrane

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23
Q

based on the number of times a hair cell deflects, for low pitch sounds

A

frequency theory

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24
Q

place of cochlea the hair cells will deflect does not explain low frequencies has high pitch

A

place theory

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25
Q

the enlarged ending of the olfactory cortex at the front of the brain where smell is registered

A

olfactory bulb

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26
Q

specialized sensory receptors for taste that are located in throat, tongue, mouth, and gut, has 50 receptor cells

A

tastebuds

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27
Q

yummy or delicious, associated with meat and protein rich food

A

umami

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28
Q

spinal cord fuctions as a gate to open or block certain messages that are perceived as pain

A

gate control theory

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29
Q

we perceive works as whole objects rather than isolated bits and pieces of information

A

gestalt psychology

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30
Q

Gestalt principle that perception is automatically separated into the figure

A

figure ground relationship

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31
Q

tendency to perceive objects as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input

A

perceptual constancy

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32
Q

perception that an object remains the same size despite changing image on retina

A

size constancy

33
Q

perception that familiar object remains the same shape regardless of the image on the retina

A

shape constancy

34
Q

misconception of true characteristics of an object or an image

A

perceptual illusion

35
Q

a famous visual illusion involving misconception of identical length of two lins with arrows

A

muller lyer illusion

36
Q

tendency to perceive objects or situations from a particular frame of reference

A

perceptual set

37
Q

2 stimuli must differ by a constant percentage and not a constant amount

A

webers law

38
Q

near sightedness, distant objects are not in focus

A

myopia

39
Q

farsightedness nearby objects are not in focus

A

presbyopia/hyperopia

40
Q

tissue in lens becomes cloudy

A

cataract

41
Q

an irregular curve of the eye cornea

A

astigmatism

42
Q

smallest bones in the body

A

ossicles

43
Q

3 dimensional hearing

A

stereophonic

44
Q

due to absolute refractory period because the neural impulse has to reset in order for a hair cell to send another impulse the impulse travels .0001 of a second

A

low pitch< 1000Hz

45
Q

hair cells alternate firing impulses, fire in rapid succession to achieve sounds>1000Hz

A

volley theory

46
Q

beginning of cochlea

A

high frequencies

47
Q

end of cochlea

A

low frequencies

48
Q

every 10 it increases 10 times

A

decibels

49
Q

Odorant receptor

A

end of olfactory sensory neurons

50
Q

how many olfactory sensory neurons in nose

A

5 to 10 million

51
Q

after 28 days

A

how fast does a olfactory neuron regenerate

52
Q

loss of sensory neurons with age

A

anosmia

53
Q

tastants

A

ends of gustation sensory neurons

54
Q

stimulates tastebuds

A

tastant

55
Q

pressure, warmth, cold, pain, emotional

A

touch senses

56
Q

skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, joints

A

receptors for touch

57
Q

respond to motion

A

proprioceptors

58
Q

respond to pressure

A

mechanoreceptors

59
Q

respond to strong pressure and extreme temperatures

A

nociceptors

60
Q

respond to moderate temperatures

A

thermo receptors

61
Q

pain is experienced when?

A

skin temp falls below 59 degrees and above 113 degrees

62
Q

cold and warm fibers fire at what temp?

A

cold fibers fire when skin is below 86 degrees and warm fibers fire when skin is above 96 degrees

63
Q

fast pain system, large fibers, sharp, intense short lived

A

a beta fibers

64
Q

slow pain system, small fibers, longer lasting throbbing pain

A

c-fibers

65
Q

using ideas to interpret sensory information

A

top down

66
Q

taking sensory information and interpreting it into ideas

A

bottom up

67
Q

seeking the most simple explanation to explain a situation

A

law of Pragnanz/simplicity

68
Q

ability to see objects in 3 dimensions

A

depth perception

69
Q

allows us to judge distances

A

binocular cues and monocular cues

70
Q

brain monitors the angle of the eye compared to the midline

A

convergence

71
Q

humans have a strong tendency to presume the background is stationary and object moves, illusion of motion, induced motion

A

perception of motion

72
Q

unpleasant sensory or emotional experience

A

pain

73
Q

when two or more senses compete, vision always wins

A

visual capture

74
Q

source of energy

A

sweet

75
Q

acids are corrosive

A

sour

76
Q

typically represents poison

A

bitter

77
Q

gustation occurs when?

A

we encounter a tastant

78
Q

olfaction occurs when?

A

we encounter a odorant

79
Q

how is the brain connected to smell?

A

the olfactory bulb connects to the corpus callosum

psychology (5 decks)

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