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psychology > chapter 1, Appendix A, and chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 1, Appendix A, and chapter 2 Flashcards

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2
Q

Formally defined as the scientific study of behavior mental processes

A

Psychology

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2
Q

Describe, predict, explain, and control or influence

A

for basic goals of psychology

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3
Q

Branch of biology that studies, the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans

A

physiology

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4
Q

Proposed the idea that mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations emotions, and other conscious experiences

A

René descartes

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5
Q

Use scientific methods to study, fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times, in response to visual or auditory stimuli, father of modern psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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6
Q

developed his own approach, called structuralism, using introspection, early leader in American psychology

A

Edward Titchener

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7
Q

Even or most complex, conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures, or component parts of sensations and feelings

A

structuralism

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8
Q

was first unreliable, can’t be used on animals or children, it is a examination of own conscious and feelings

A

Introspection

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9
Q

Anything perceptible to the senses, such as sight sound smell, touch or taste

A

Stimulus

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10
Q

evolutionists and used functionalism

A

William James

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11
Q

evolutionist and studied functionalism

A

Charles Darwins

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12
Q

Emphasize studying, the purpose or function of behavior, and mental experiences it stresses the importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments

A

Functionalism

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13
Q

conducted research in dreams, memories, and personality, denied Ph.D. from Harvard not coed yet

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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14
Q

Titchners first doctoral student, studied mental processes of different species of animals

A

Margaret Washburn

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15
Q

first black psychologist to get a Ph.d

A

Francis sumner

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16
Q

how healthy people strive to reach their full potential

A

Humanistic

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17
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

Sigmund freud

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18
Q

behaviorism

A

John Watson

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19
Q

Ph.D. but no medical training, can’t prescribe drugs, requires 4-6 years, undergrad, and bachelors

A

psychologist

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20
Q

a medical degree and specializes in diagnosis, can prescribe drugs, requires 8 years, residency, no grad school

A

psychiatrist

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21
Q

research with intention of answering or solving real problems

A

Applied research

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22
Q

research with intention of knowledge

A

Basic research

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23
Q

second most common subfield focus on function and personality, (addiction and relationships

A

Counseling psychology

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24
Q

most common subfield (mental disorders)

A

clinical psychology

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25
Q

sigmeud and psychoanalytic theory->unconscious

A

1st great force

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26
Q

John watson and behaviorism

A

2nd great force

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27
Q

carl rodgers/maslow humanistic

A

3rd great force

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28
Q

guidelines for human research subjects

A

informed consent, use of deception and appropriate debrief, right to withdraw, protection against mental or physical harm, confidentiality

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29
Q

works with large corporations and institutions-> determines appropriate material for students

A

educational psychologist

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30
Q

works within school building or district, identifies and resolves challenges within learning

A

school psychologist

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31
Q

graphic display of a frequency distribution (bar graph) height of bar represents frequency distribution, does not start at 0

A

Histogram

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32
Q

displays frequency distribution of a continuous variable as a line, line graph with no curves starts at 0, may be skewed or symmetrical

A

frequency polygon

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33
Q

longest side

A

Tail

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34
Q

a single value used to represent the typical score in a set of scores, mean, median, mode

A

central tendency

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35
Q

how much spread there is in a set of scores-> range, standard deviation, and variance

A

variability

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36
Q

square root of variance

A

standard deviation

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37
Q

equals differences squared and divided by the number of scores, equals the standard deviation if variance is under the radical

A

Variance

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38
Q

68-95-99

A

normal curve

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39
Q

direct relationship

A

positive correlation

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40
Q

indirect relationship

A

negative correlation

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41
Q

variance between groups divided by the variance within groups, inferential statistic

A

T-test

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42
Q

reliable when probability is very low and our sample is due to chance not significant if higher than 5%

A

inferential stats

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43
Q

a researcher mistakenly concludes a study as significant

A

Type 1 error

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44
Q

a researcher fails to find a significant effect that does in fact exist

A

Type 2 error

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45
Q

Microglia, Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

A

Glial Cells

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46
Q

responds to injury by multiplying and engulfing cellular debris

A

Micro glia

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47
Q

provide nutrients to nervous tissue, maintain extracellular ion balance, most common cell, assists in repair in brain and spinal cord, helps form protective blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

48
Q

extensions that wrap around many axons up to 50 in the CNS, rich in myelin-> 80% lipid and 20% protein

A

oligodendrocytes

49
Q

non myelinating schwann cells involved in maintenance of axons and are crucial for neuronal survival, regeneration in PNS only

A

schwann cells

50
Q

minimum threshold for sending message

A

+4

51
Q

slowest neural impulse

A

2mph ,2.93ft/sec

52
Q

fastest neural impulse

A

275 mph, 403.3ft/sec

53
Q

works against neurotransmitters

A

antagonist

54
Q

works with the neurotransmitters

A

agonist

55
Q

collection of smooth glands that secrete chemical messengers hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine system

56
Q

order of endocrine system

A

PTAPOT

57
Q

pons, medulla, thalamus, reticular formation, cerebellum

A

Brainstem structures

58
Q

limbi system structures

A

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

59
Q

oldest and central core, regulates most primitive behavior needed for survival

A

brainstem

60
Q

below cerebral hemisphere, regulates emotions and drives

A

limbic system

61
Q

body’s ultimate control and information processing center

A

cerebral cortex

62
Q

white matter (axons inside cerebrum), gray matter (cell bodies) , cerebrum, glial cells

A

Cerebral cortex structures

63
Q

rear of frontal lobe, controls voluntary movements

A

motor cortex

64
Q

at front of parietal lobe, registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

A

sensory cortex

65
Q

interpret, integrate, and act on sensory information and link it to stored memories not involved in primary motor or sensory functions, involved in all 4 lobes

A

association areas

66
Q

enables judgements, planning, and processing new memories

A

frontal lobe association area

67
Q

Cannot speak, but can’t understand written and spoken language

A

brocas aphasia

68
Q

Difficulty understanding, written, and spoken language can still speak quickly and easily but speech sometimes makes no sense

A

wernickes aphasia

69
Q

Band of neural fibers that connect the two hemispheres and carry messages between them

A

Corpus callosum

70
Q

Results from corpus callosum being severed which isolates the two hemispheres

A

split brain

71
Q

small bad seizure in one hemisphere

A

petite mal seizure

72
Q

big bad seizure in both hemispheres

A

grand mal seizure

73
Q

emphasis on the role of unconscious factors in behavior and personality

A

psychoanalysis

74
Q

the study of observable behaviors as they pertain to the process of learning

A

behaviorism

75
Q

worked with dogs to learn they can associate a sound with a behavior

A

Ivan Pavlov

76
Q

used reinforcement and punishment on rats and pigeons to influence behavior

A

Skinner

77
Q

study of the nervous system especially brain

A

neuroscience

78
Q

refers to a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers to creating questions and drawing conclusions

A

scientific method

79
Q

evidence that is the result of observation, measurement and experimentation

A

empirical evidence

80
Q

tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more relationships

A

hypothesis

81
Q

a precise description of how the variable will be measured

A

operational defintion

82
Q

in-depth investigation of an individual, family or other social limit

A

case study

83
Q

scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes

A

biological psychology

84
Q

white fatty covering that wraps around axons

A

myelin sheath

85
Q

resting potential, stimulus threshold, depolarization, Repolarization, refractory period, resting potential

A

action potential

86
Q

point of communication between neurons

A

synapse

87
Q

process of sending information at the synapse

A

synaptic transmission

88
Q

the process of neurotransmitter molecules detach from the receptor and are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron to be used again

A

reuptake

89
Q

a neurotransmitter in sleep, , sensory, moods, and emotional states

A

serotonin

90
Q

neurotransmitter involved with danger/threat

A

norepinephrine

91
Q

neurotransmitter produced by brain for stress and pain

A

endorphins

92
Q

neurotransmitter involved with movement, attention, learning, pleasure or rewarding

A

dopamine

93
Q

neurotransmitter that communicates inhibitory messages

A

GABA

94
Q

subdivision of PNS that regulates heartbeat, bp, and digestion

A

autonomic nervous system

95
Q

branch of autonomic that is the body’s emergency system for threats

A

Sympathetic nervous system

96
Q

subdivision of PNS that receives messages from sensory receptors along sensory nerves and communicates to CNS, voluntary muscle movements

A

somatic nervous system

97
Q

regulates release of hormones by the pituitary gland, hunger, sleep, thirst

A

hypothalamus

98
Q

regulates production of hormones

A

pituitary gland

99
Q

pair of endocrine glands that are involved in stress and fight or flight response

A

adrenal glands

100
Q

refers to the brains ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas

A

functional plasticity

101
Q

brains ability to change its physical structure in response to learning or environmental influences

A

structural plasticity

102
Q

imaging technique that produces highly detailed images of the body’s structures un response to magnetic field

A

MRI

103
Q

an imaging technique that maps neural connections by tracking water molecules

A

dMRI

104
Q

magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow and oxygen levels

A

PET

105
Q

helps coordinate and integrate movements, regulates breathing

A

pons

106
Q

responsible for muscle coordination and equilibrium, motor skills

A

cerebellum

107
Q

regulates attention, arousal, and sleep

A

reticular formation

108
Q

relay station that contains centers involved with auditory and sensory information

A

midbrain

109
Q

contains centers for mental processes and behavior

A

cerebrum

110
Q

regulates ability to form new memories

A

hippocampus

111
Q

processes sensory information and perception

A

thalamus

112
Q

processes bodys sensations, touch, pressure, temperature, and information from receptors in muscles and joints

A

parietal lobe

113
Q

recruited patients to cut corpus callosum to stop spread of epilepsy

A

roger sperry

114
Q

emotional response and stores memory

A

amygdala

115
Q

number expressed in standard deviation units that shows a scores deviations from mean

A

z-score

psychology (5 decks)

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