chapter 5

Question 1

validity

Answer 1

measurement has____ when it yields data that are directly relevant to the phenomenon measured and the reason for measureing

Question 2

accuracy

Answer 2

to the extent to which the observed value matches the true state

Question 3

observed value

Answer 3

the quantitative label produced by measuring an event

Question 4

true value

Answer 4

a measure obtained by procedures that are independent of and different from the procedures that produced the data. Taken all possible efforts to make sure errors are avoided or removed.

Question 5

measurement bias

Answer 5

nonrandom measurement error

-error in measurement that is likely to be in one direction

Question 6

reliablility

Answer 6

measurement procedure yields the same value when brought into repeated contact then the same state of nature

Question 7

direct measurement

Answer 7

occurs when the phenomenon that is the focus of the experiment in the same as the phenomenon being measured

Question 8

indirect measurement

Answer 8

occurs when what is actually measured is in some way different from the target BX of interest

Question 9

continuous measurement

Answer 9

measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class of interest are detected during an observation

Question 10

discontinous measurement

Answer 10

any form of measurement in which some instances of the response class of interest may not be detected

Question 11

observer drift

Answer 11

observes alter, unknowingly the way they apply a measurement system

Question 12

naive observer

Answer 12

a trained observer who is unaware of the study’s purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during or given phase or observation period

Question 13

observer reactivity

Answer 13

measurement error resulting from an observers awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports.

Question 14

calibration

Answer 14

when measurement error is consistent in direction and value, the data can be adjusted to compensate for the error

Question 15

interobserver agreement (IOA)

Answer 15

refers to the degree to which 2 or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events.

Question 16

believability

Answer 16

consumers judge that the data is trustworthy and deserving of interpretation

Question 17

total count IOA

Answer 17

expressed by percentage of agreement between the total number of responses recorded by 2 observers and is calculated by dividing the smaller of the counts by the larger count and multiply by 100.

Question 18

mean count- per- interval IOA

Answer 18

look up formula

Question 19

exact count per interval

Answer 19

the percentage of total intervals in which 2 observers recorded the same count
look up formula

Question 20

trial by trial IOA

Answer 20

more conservative and meaningful
number of trials (items) agreement
______________________
total number of trials (itmes)= X 100

Question 21

total duration IOA

Answer 21

computed by dividing the shorter of the 2 durations reported by the observers by the longer duration + ,multiply by 100
shorter
_______
longer durations x 100=

Question 22

mean duration per occurrence IOA

Answer 22

conservative and usually more meaningful assessment of IOA

look up formula

Question 23

interval by interval IOA

Answer 23

primary observer's record for each interval is matched to the secondary observers record for the same interval
number of interval agreed
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
# of intervals agree =# of intervals disagreed x 100

Question 24

scored interval IOA

Answer 24

only intervals in which either or both observers recorded the occurrence of the target behavior are used when calculating

Question 25

unscored interval IOA

Answer 25

only interval in which either or both observers recorded the non-occurrence of the target BX are considered