Chapter 5

Question 1

ADHD

Answer 1

A disorder with features such as a greater-than normal amount of activity, restlessness, difficulty concentrating or sustaining attention, and impulsivity.

Question 2

Acute tolerance

Answer 2

A type of functional tolerance that occurs within a course of action of a single drug dose

Question 3

Behavioral pharmacology

Answer 3

The specialty area of psychopharmacology that concentrates on drug use as a learned behavior.

Question 4

Behavioral Tolerance

Answer 4

Adjustment of behavior through experience in using a drug to compensate for its intoxicating effects.

Question 5

Brand name

Answer 5

The commercial name given to a drug by its manufacturer.

Question 6

Causal relationship

Answer 6

A relationship between variables in which changes in a second variable are due directly to changes in a first variable.

Question 7

Chemical name

Answer 7

The name given to a drug that represents its chemical structure.

Question 8

Conflict paradigm

Answer 8

A research procedure that concerns the effects on a behavior of a drug that has a history of both reinforcement and punishment.

Question 9

Control group

Answer 9

The reference or comparison group in an experiment. The control group does not receive the experimental manipulation or intervention whose effect is being tested.

Question 10

Cross-tolerance

Answer 10

Tolerance to a drug or drugs never taken that results from protracted tolerance to another drug or drugs.

Question 11

Dispositional tolerance

Answer 11

An increase in the rate of metabolizing a drug as a result of its regular use.

Question 12

Drug discrimination study

Answer 12

A research procedure that primarily concerns the differentiation of drug effects.

Question 13

Drug expectancy

Answer 13

A person’s anticipation of or belief about what they will experience upon taking a drug.

Question 14

Functional tolerance

Answer 14

Decreased behavioral effects of a drug as a result of its regular use.

Question 15

Generalizability

Answer 15

Applicability of a research finding from one setting or group of research participants to others.

Question 16

Generic name

Answer 16

The general name given to a drug that is shorter (and easier for most people to say) than its chemical name.

Question 17

Group design

Answer 17

A type of experimental design in which groups (as compared to individual cases) of subjects are compared to establish experimental findings.

Question 18

Homeostasis

Answer 18

A state of equilibrium or balance. Systems at homeostasis are stable; when homeostasis is disrupted, the system operates to restore it.

Question 19

Initial sensitivity

Answer 19

The effect of a drug on someone using it for the first time.

Question 20

Paradoxical

Answer 20

Contrary to what is expected. A paradoxical drug effect is opposite in direction to what is expected based on the drug’s chemical structure.

Question 21

Placebo control

Answer 21

A type of control originating in drug research. Placebo subjects have the same makeup and are treated exactly like a group of subjects who receive a drug, except that placebo subjects receive a chemically inactive substance.

Question 22

Protracted tolerance

Answer 22

A type of functional tolerance that occurs over the course of two or more drug administrations.

Question 23

Psychosis

Answer 23

A severe mental disorder whose symptoms include disorganized thinking and bizarre behavior.

Question 24

Punisher

Answer 24

A consequence of a behavior that suppresses or decreases its future likelihood.

Question 25

Reinforcer

Answer 25

A consequence of a behavior that increases its future likelihood.

Question 26

Reverse tolerance

Answer 26

Increased sensitivity to a drug with repeated use of it.

Question 27

Self-administration studies

Answer 27

A study that involves testing whether research participants will “give themselves” a drug.

Question 28

Identify 2 bio and 2 psychological factors that can affect drug experience

Answer 28

gender, weight, age
drug expectations and beliefs, sensation seeking

Question 29

Evidence why addictive personality is not supported by evidence

Answer 29

The relationship between personality and drug use has been the subject of considerable research attention. Although some personality characteristics seem to be associated with the drug experience, there is no evidence for an “addictive personality.”

Question 30

Explain an example of a social factor and environmental factor that have been demonstrated to influence drug experience

Answer 30

Environmental - government laws about alcohol and drug availability to the immediate drug use setting alone or with others

Question 31

Compare and contrast 3 types of drug tolerance

Answer 31

Disposition (increase in metabolizing) functional (decrease behavioral - acute = single dose, protracted = over 2 or more), and behavioral or learned (adj of behavioral)

Question 32

Explain how cellular adaption to the presence of a drug my underlie tolerance

Answer 32

This theory assumes that a drug acts on specific cells in the CNS.
Because of the plasticity of the CNS, the cells become “adapted” to the presence of the drug with repeated exposure to it. The adaptation allows the cells to maintain normal functioning at a given drug dose. As a result, more drug is required to disrupt cell functioning. This required increase is called tolerance

Question 33

Describe the role of classical conditioning in the development of drug tolerance

Answer 33

As a result, the “sum” of the drug effect and countereffect that is observed when a person takes a drug depends on how often the same drug-taking conditions have occurred in the past. The higher the number of pairings, the larger the compensatory reaction and the smaller the observed drug effect. Only when people have been exposed to these stimuli many times without the drug do these effects dissipate—a process called extinction.

Question 34

Compare and contrast reinforcement and punishment

Answer 34

A reinforcer is a consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that it will occur in the future.
A punisher, on the other hand, is a consequence of a behavior that suppresses or decreases its future likelihood.

Question 35

Identify the ethical considerations for conducting pharmacological research and how scientists ensure the protection of research

Answer 35

1. Reduce the number of animals used to a minimum, to obtain information from
   fewer animals.
2. Replace the use of animals with alternative techniques if possible.
3. Refine the way the experiment is conducted, by adjusting techniques so as to minimize potential pain or distress

Question 36

Explain why control groups and placebo controls are used in human behavioral pharmacology research

Answer 36

It allows the experimenter to say with confidence what the chemical action of a drug has to do with the way a person reacts upon taking it. In this respect, it is reasoned that if the measured effect in the people who take the real drug is greater than the effect in the people who take the placebo, then the chemical
action of the drug must be responsible for the effect.

Question 37

Compare and contrast phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials

Answer 37

Phase 1 clinical trials: to establish safety, up to 50 normal volunteers
Phase 2 clinical trials: controlled studies in patients with a target disease, 50–200 patients
Phase 3 clinical trials: controlled and open studies of 1,000 or more patients monitored for drug effectiveness and for adverse reactions; data
used for determining doses and labeling requirement