Chapter 5

Question 1

T/F A college student’s privacy is protected when using a school-owned computer as long as he or she deletes from the computer all emails or other documents he or she has worked on and thus prevents anyone else from examining those documents.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

T/F Parents of students at all U.S. colleges and universities are entitled to obtain a transcript of their children’s college grades, regardless of the student’s age.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

T/F If you work for a business that monitors phone calls with a pen register (an electronic device that records information about calls to or from a particular phone extension), your employer has the right to maintain and examine a list of phone numbers dialed by your extension and how long each call lasted.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

T/F Members of a high school football team can be required to submit to periodic, unannounced drug testing.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T/F A company has the right to keep its employees under video surveillance anywhere at the company’s place of business—even in the restrooms.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

T/F A professor can legally post students’ grades in public, using the student’sSocial Security number as an identifier, as long as the student’s name does not appear with the number.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

T/F Someone at a church youth-group meeting who hears a member of the group confess to an illegal act can be required to divulge what that member said.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T/F If you are employed, your employer can require that medical personnel provide the company with your medical records.

Answer 8

False

Question 9

is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.

Answer 9

aggregate

Question 10

is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender.

Answer 10

category

Question 11

According to Sumner, an what is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

Answer 11

ingroup

Question 12

According to Sumner, an what is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

Answer 12

outgroup

Question 13

are groups that strongly influence a person’s behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

Answer 13

Reference groups

Question 14

is a web of social relationships that links one person with other people and, through them, with other people they know.

Answer 14

network

Question 15

is a group that is collectively small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously.

Answer 15

small group

Question 16

is a group composed of two members.

Answer 16

Dyad

Question 17

is a group composed of three members.

Answer 17

Triad

Question 18

refers to the ability to influence what goes on in a group or social system.

Answer 18

Leadership

Question 19

is goal or task oriented.

Answer 19

Instrumental leadership

Question 20

provides emotional support for members.

Answer 20

Expressive leadership

Question 21

make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members.

Answer 21

Authoritarian leaders

Question 22

encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.

Answer 22

Democratic leaders

Question 23

are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

Answer 23

Laissez-faire leaders

Question 24

is the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group.

Answer 24

Conformity

Question 25

is the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

Answer 25

Groupthink

Question 26

is one we voluntarily join to pursue a common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.

Answer 26

normative organization

Question 27

is an association people are forced to join.

Answer 27

coercive organization

Question 28

is one we voluntary join when they can provide us with a material reward that we seek.

Answer 28

utilitarian organization

Question 29

is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters.

Answer 29

bureaucracy

Question 30

is the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

Answer 30

Rationality

Question 31

is composed of those aspects of participants’ day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy.

Answer 31

informal side of a bureaucracy

Question 32

occurs when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals.

Answer 32

Goal displacement

Question 33

describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly.

Answer 33

Bureaucratic personality

Question 34

is the tendency to become a bureaucracy ruled by the few.

Answer 34

iron law of oligarchy

Question 35

is a movement to establish an organizational environment that develops rather than impedes human resources.

Answer 35

Humanizing bureaucracy

Question 36

refers to organizations that take into account the social effects of organizational activities on workers and other persons in the community, the nation, and globally.

Answer 36

Socially sustainable organizations