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SOC 200 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Local, state, and federal assistance to homeless people has shrunk in recent years.

A

True

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2
Q

T/F A majority of people who are counted as homeless live on the streets or in cars, abandoned buildings, or other places not intended for human habitation.

A

False

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3
Q

T/F Many homeless people have full-time employment.

A

True

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4
Q

T/F Homelessness is affected by both income and the affordability of availablehousing.

A

True

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5
Q

T/F Homeless people typically panhandle (beg for money) so that they can buy alcohol or drugs.

A

False

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6
Q

T/F Shelters for the homeless consistently have clients who sleep on overflow cots, in chairs, in hallways, and in other nonstandard sleeping arrangements.

A

True

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7
Q

T/F The United States has had homeless people throughout its history.

A

True

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8
Q

T/F “Doubled-up” populations (people who live with friends, family, or other nonrelatives for economic reasons) have decreased in recent years.

A

False

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9
Q

is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

A

Social interaction

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10
Q

is the complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people’s behavior.

A

Social structure

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11
Q

What perspective says The framework of social structure is an orderly and fixed arrangement of parts that together make up the whole group or society.

A

The Macrolevel Perspective

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12
Q

What perspective says Functionalist theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

A

The Macrolevel Perspective

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13
Q

What perspective says Social structure is important for our human development.

A

The Macrolevel Perspective

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14
Q

What perspective says Social structure gives us the ability to interpret the social situations we encounter.

A

The Macrolevel Perspective

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15
Q

What perspective says According to Marx, in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people.

A

The Macrolevel Perspective

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16
Q

What perspective says Social structure creates boundaries that define which persons or groups will be the “insiders” and which will be the “outsiders.”

A

The Macrolevel Perspective

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17
Q

is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.

A

status

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18
Q

comprises all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.

A

status set

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19
Q

is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control.
* Examples: Race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

A

ascribed status

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20
Q

is a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
* Examples: Occupation, education, and income.

A

achieved status

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21
Q

is the most important status a person occupies.
* It dominates all the individual’s other statuses and plays a main role in determining a person’s general social position
* Being poor or rich is a master status that influences many other areas of life, including health, education, and life opportunities.

A

master status

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22
Q

are material signs that inform others of a person’s specific status.

A

Status symbols

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23
Q

is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

A

role

24
Q

is a group’s or society’s definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played.

A

Role expectation

25
Q

is how a person actually plays the role.

A

Role performance

26
Q

occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.

A

Role conflict

27
Q

occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.

A

Role strain

28
Q

occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

A

Role exit

29
Q

consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.

A

social group

30
Q

is a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

A

primary group

31
Q

is a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

A

secondary group

32
Q

is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

A

formal organization

33
Q

is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establish how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

A

social institution

34
Q
  • What theorists suggest that social institutions perform essential functions for society:
  • Replacing members
  • Teaching new members
  • Producing, distributing, and consuming goods
  • Preserving order
  • Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose
A

Functionalist

35
Q
  • What theorists agree that social institutions are originally organized to meet basic social needs.
  • However, they believe that social institutions do not meet everyone’s needs equally.
A

Conflict

36
Q

use simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation.

A

Hunting and gathering societies

37
Q

are based on technology that supports the domestication of large animals to provide food.
* Gender inequality is greater in these societies because men herd the large animals and women contribute relatively little to subsistence production.

A

Pastoral societies

38
Q

are based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food.

A

Horticultural societies

39
Q

use technology of large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food supply.

A

Agrarian societies

40
Q

are based on technology that mechanizes production.

A

Industrial societies

41
Q

are ones in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

A

Postindustrial societies

42
Q

refers to how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed.

A

Division of labor

43
Q

refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

A

Mechanical solidarity

44
Q

refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

A

Organic solidarity

45
Q

is a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

A

Gemeinschaft

46
Q

is a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values

A

Gesellschaft

47
Q

is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

A

social construction of reality

48
Q

is a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

49
Q

is the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.

A

Ethnomethodology

50
Q

analysis is the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.

A

Dramaturgical

51
Q

is a playbook that the actors use to guide their verbal replies and overall performance to achieve the desired goals of the conversation or fulfill the role they are playing.

A

social script

52
Q

refers to people’s efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favor able to their own interests or image.

A

Impression management (presentation of self)

53
Q

refers to the strategies people use to rescue their performance when they experience a potential or actual loss of face.

A

Face-saving behavior

54
Q

suggests that humans acquire a set of feeling rules that shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation.
* These rules include how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

A

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1983)

55
Q

is the transfer of information between persons without the use of words.

A

Nonverbal communication

SOC 200 (6 decks)

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