Chapter 2

Question 1

T/F Cheese is a universal food enjoyed by people of all nations and cultures.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

T/F Giving round-shaped foods to the parents of new babies is considered to be lucky in some cultures.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

T/F Wedding cakes are made of similar ingredients in all countries, regardless of culture or religion.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

T/F Food is an important part of religious observance for many different faiths.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T/F In authentic Chinese cuisine, cooking methods are divided into “yin” and”yang” qualities.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

T/F Because of the fast pace of life in the United States, virtually everyone relies on mixes and instant foods at home and fast foods when eating out.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

T/F Potatoes are the most popular mainstay in the diet of first- and second-generation immigrants who have arrived in the United States over the past 40 years.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

T/F According to sociologists, individuals may be offended when a person from another culture does not understand local food preferences or the cultural traditions associated with eating, even if the person is obviously an”outsider” or a “tourist.”

Answer 8

True

Question 9

is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

Answer 9

Culture

Question 10

consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.

Answer 10

Material culture

Question 11

consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people’s behavior.

Answer 11

Nonmaterial culture

Question 12

are the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.

Answer 12

Beliefs

Question 13

are customs and practices that occur across all societies.

Answer 13

Cultural universals

Question 14

is anything that meaningfully represents something else.

Answer 14

Symbol

Question 15

is a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.

Answer 15

Language

Question 16

suggests that language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.

Answer 16

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 17

are values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive.

Answer 17

Value contradictions

Question 18

are established rules or behavior or standards of conduct.

Answer 18

Norms

Question 19

are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.

Answer 19

Sanctions

Question 20

are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.

Answer 20

Folkways

Question 21

are strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture.

Answer 21

Mores

Question 22

are mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

Answer 22

Taboos

Question 23

are formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.

Answer 23

Laws

Question 24

refers to the knowledge, techniques, and tools that allow people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed.

Answer 24

Technology

Question 25

is the gap between the technical developments of a society and its moral and legal institutions.

Answer 25

Cultural lag

Question 26

is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.

Answer 26

subculture

Question 27

are groups that strongly reject dominant societal values and norms and seek alternative lifestyles.

Answer 27

Countercultures

Question 28

is the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life.

Answer 28

Culture shock

Question 29

is the practice of judging other cultures by one’s own culture.

Answer 29

Ethnocentrism

Question 30

is the belief that the behaviors and customs of anyculture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own standards.

Answer 30

Cultural relativism

Question 31

consists of classical music, opera, ballet, live theater,and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences.

Answer 31

High culture

Question 32

consists of activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes.

Answer 32

Popular culture

Question 33

Who views popular culture as serving a significant function in society – culture is the “glue” that holds society together.

Answer 33

Functionalist theorists

Question 34

believe that values and norms help to create and sustain the privileged position of the powerful in society while excluding others.

Answer 34

Conflict theorists

Question 35

argue that people create, maintain, and change culture as they go about their everyday activities.

Answer 35

Symbolic interactionists

Question 36

believe that we should discuss cultures rather than a single culture.

Answer 36

Postmodernist theorists