Chapter 5

Question 1

a technique used to recreate a random event

Answer 1

simulation

Question 2

scenarios where the outcome of any particular trial of an experiment is unknown, but the proportion (relative frequency) a particular outcome is observed approaches a specific value

Answer 2

random process

Question 3

an unpredictable result or outcome

Answer 3

random

Question 4

measure of the likelihood of a random phenomenon or chance behavior occurring

Answer 4

probability

Question 5

as the number of repetitions of a probability experiment increases, the proportion with which a certain outcome is observed gets closer to the probability of the outcome

Answer 5

Law of Large Numbers

Question 6

nonexistent law that claims, for example, if a woman has given birth to 4 boys, she is “due” for a girl on her fifth pregnancy - previous outcomes don’t affect later outcomes

Answer 6

Law of Averages

Question 7

any process with uncertain results that can be repeated

Answer 7

experiment

Question 8

collection of all possible outcomes for a probability experiment

Answer 8

sample space (S)

Question 9

any collection of one or more outcomes from a probability experiment

Answer 9

event

Question 10

lists the possible outcomes of a probability experiment and each outcome’s probability

Answer 10

probability model

Question 11

event that has a low probability of occurring (typically less than 0.05, but not always)

Answer 11

unusual event

Question 12

calculating probability based on observed results (observations / total) - approximate

Answer 12

empirical method

Question 13

calculating probability for equally likely outcomes by dividing number of ways an event can occur by the number of possible outcomes

Answer 13

classical method

Question 14

probability that is determined based on personal judgment

Answer 14

subjective probability

Question 15

(AKA mutually exclusive) when two events have no outcomes in common - probabilities can be added together

Answer 15

disjoint

Question 16

picture representing events as circles enclosed in a rectangle (overlapping or not)

Answer 16

Venn diagram

Question 17

probability model stating how the probabilities of digits 1-9 being the first digit in a number are not equal (1 is most likely)

Answer 17

Benford’s Law

Question 18

all outcomes in the sample space that are not outcomes in the event (E^c)

Answer 18

complement

Question 19

events in which the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of the other

Answer 19

independent events

Question 20

events in which the occurrence of one affects the probability of the other

Answer 20

dependent events