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[Statistical Methods I] > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions or answer questions + provide a measure of confidence in conclusions

A

statistics

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2
Q

a fact or proposition used to draw a conclusion or make a decision - information that varies

A

data

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3
Q

the entire group to be studied

A

population

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4
Q

person/object that is a member of the population being studied

A

individual

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5
Q

statistic that describes the results of a sample without making any generalizations about population

A

descriptive statistic

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6
Q

a numerical summary of a sample

A

statistic

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7
Q

statistic that extends the results of a sample to the population and measures the reliability of the result (level of confidence)

A

inferential statistic

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8
Q

a numerical summary of a population

A

parameter

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9
Q

classified based on an attribute or characteristic of the individual (ex. gender, zip code)

A

qualitative variable

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10
Q

provide numerical measures of individuals that can be added or subtracted in meaningful ways (ex. temperature, number of days studied)

A

quantitative variable

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11
Q

quantitative variable with a finite number of possible values (countable)

A

discrete variable

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12
Q

quantitative variable with an infinite number of possible values (measured not counted)

A

continuous variable

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13
Q

first level of measurement - values of the variable name, label, or categorize (qualitative)

A

nominal level

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14
Q

second level of measurement - values of the variable can be arranged in a ranked or specific order (qualitative)

A

ordinal level

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15
Q

third level of measurement - differences in values of the variable have meaning, addition/subtraction can be done, 0 doesn’t mean absence of quantity (quantitative)

A

interval level

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16
Q

fourth level of measurement - ratios of the values of the variable have meaning, multiplication/division can be done, 0 means absence of quantity (quantitative)

A

ratio level

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17
Q

study that measures value of the response variable without attempting to influence the response or explanatory variable - collecting data by simply watching

A

observational study

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18
Q

study in which the researcher intentionally manipulates the explanatory variable and controls other variables at fixed values, recording the response for each - required in order to determine causality

A

designed experiment

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19
Q

when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated - any relation between explanatory and response variable may be due to some other variable not accounted for

A

confounding

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20
Q

explanatory variable that was not considered in a study, but that affects the value of the response variable

A

lurking variable

21
Q

explanatory variable that was considered in the study, whose effect cannot be distinguished from a second explanatory variable in the study

A

confounding variable

22
Q

observational study that collects information about individuals at a specific point in time / a very short period

A

cross-sectional study

23
Q

observational studies that are retrospective, looking back in time at existing records

A

case-control study

24
Q

observational studies that observe a specific group of individuals over a period of time, collecting data as they go (prospective)

A

cohort study

25
Q

collecting data based on looking back in time at existing records

A

retrospective

26
Q

collecting data over a period of time going forward

A

prospective

27
Q

list of individuals in a population along with certain characteristics of each individual (AKA frame)

A

census

28
Q

using chance to select individuals indiscriminately from a population to be included in a sample

A

random sampling

29
Q

every possible random sample has an equal chance of occurring

A

simple random sampling

30
Q

sample obtained by dividing population into non-overlapping groups (strata) and obtaining a simple random sample from each - individuals within each strata are similar to each other

A

stratified sample

31
Q

sampling method that doesn’t require a frame - selecting every (k)th individual from the population

A

systematic sample

32
Q

sample obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals

A

cluster sample

33
Q

sample in which the individuals are easily obtained and not based on randomness - flawed method of sampling

A

convenience sample

34
Q

the results of the sample are not representative of the population

A

bias

35
Q

form of bias when the technique used to obtain sample’s individuals tends to favor one part of the population over another

A

sampling bias

36
Q

when the proportion of one segment of the population is lower in a sample than it is in the population - a cause of sampling bias

A

undercoverage

37
Q

form of bias when the individuals selected to be in the sample who do not respond to the survey have different opinions from those who do

A

nonresponse bias

38
Q

form of bias when the answers given on a survey do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent

A

response bias

39
Q

question that allows the respondent to provide his or her own response

A

open question

40
Q

question that requires the respondent to choose from a list of predetermined responses

A

closed question

41
Q

controlled study conducted to determine the effect of varying one or more explanatory variables (factors) on a response variable

A

experiment

42
Q

any combination of the values of the explanatory variables (factors) in an experiment

A

treatment

43
Q

person, object, or other well-defined item upon which a treatment is applied in an experiment (AKA subject)

A

experimental unit

44
Q

baseline treatment that is used to compare to other treatments in an experiment

A

control group

45
Q

innocuous medication with no effect that looks, tastes, and smells like the experimental medication - used to prove efficacy of experimental medication

A

placebo

46
Q

non-disclosure of the treatment an experimental unit (subject) is receiving

A

blinding

47
Q

the experimental unit (subject) is unaware of which treatment they are receiving, but the researcher knows

A

single-blind experiment

48
Q

neither the experimental unit (subject) nor the researcher knows which treatment the experimental unit is receiving

A

double-blind experiment

49
Q

experimental design in which experimental units are paired up based on some way they’re related / similar - one receives one treatment, the other receives another

A

matched-pairs design

[Statistical Methods I] (11 decks)

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