Chapter 1

Question 1

science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions or answer questions + provide a measure of confidence in conclusions

Answer 1

statistics

Question 2

a fact or proposition used to draw a conclusion or make a decision - information that varies

Answer 2

data

Question 3

the entire group to be studied

Answer 3

population

Question 4

person/object that is a member of the population being studied

Answer 4

individual

Question 5

statistic that describes the results of a sample without making any generalizations about population

Answer 5

descriptive statistic

Question 6

a numerical summary of a sample

Answer 6

statistic

Question 7

statistic that extends the results of a sample to the population and measures the reliability of the result (level of confidence)

Answer 7

inferential statistic

Question 8

a numerical summary of a population

Answer 8

parameter

Question 9

classified based on an attribute or characteristic of the individual (ex. gender, zip code)

Answer 9

qualitative variable

Question 10

provide numerical measures of individuals that can be added or subtracted in meaningful ways (ex. temperature, number of days studied)

Answer 10

quantitative variable

Question 11

quantitative variable with a finite number of possible values (countable)

Answer 11

discrete variable

Question 12

quantitative variable with an infinite number of possible values (measured not counted)

Answer 12

continuous variable

Question 13

first level of measurement - values of the variable name, label, or categorize (qualitative)

Answer 13

nominal level

Question 14

second level of measurement - values of the variable can be arranged in a ranked or specific order (qualitative)

Answer 14

ordinal level

Question 15

third level of measurement - differences in values of the variable have meaning, addition/subtraction can be done, 0 doesn’t mean absence of quantity (quantitative)

Answer 15

interval level

Question 16

fourth level of measurement - ratios of the values of the variable have meaning, multiplication/division can be done, 0 means absence of quantity (quantitative)

Answer 16

ratio level

Question 17

study that measures value of the response variable without attempting to influence the response or explanatory variable - collecting data by simply watching

Answer 17

observational study

Question 18

study in which the researcher intentionally manipulates the explanatory variable and controls other variables at fixed values, recording the response for each - required in order to determine causality

Answer 18

designed experiment

Question 19

when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated - any relation between explanatory and response variable may be due to some other variable not accounted for

Answer 19

confounding

Question 20

explanatory variable that was not considered in a study, but that affects the value of the response variable

Answer 20

lurking variable

Question 21

explanatory variable that was considered in the study, whose effect cannot be distinguished from a second explanatory variable in the study

Answer 21

confounding variable

Question 22

observational study that collects information about individuals at a specific point in time / a very short period

Answer 22

cross-sectional study

Question 23

observational studies that are retrospective, looking back in time at existing records

Answer 23

case-control study

Question 24

observational studies that observe a specific group of individuals over a period of time, collecting data as they go (prospective)

Answer 24

cohort study

Question 25

collecting data based on looking back in time at existing records

Answer 25

retrospective

Question 26

collecting data over a period of time going forward

Answer 26

prospective

Question 27

list of individuals in a population along with certain characteristics of each individual (AKA frame)

Answer 27

census

Question 28

using chance to select individuals indiscriminately from a population to be included in a sample

Answer 28

random sampling

Question 29

every possible random sample has an equal chance of occurring

Answer 29

simple random sampling

Question 30

sample obtained by dividing population into non-overlapping groups (strata) and obtaining a simple random sample from each - individuals within each strata are similar to each other

Answer 30

stratified sample

Question 31

sampling method that doesn't require a frame - selecting every (k)th individual from the population

Answer 31

systematic sample

Question 32

sample obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals

Answer 32

cluster sample

Question 33

sample in which the individuals are easily obtained and not based on randomness - flawed method of sampling

Answer 33

convenience sample

Question 34

the results of the sample are not representative of the population

Answer 34

bias

Question 35

form of bias when the technique used to obtain sample's individuals tends to favor one part of the population over another

Answer 35

sampling bias

Question 36

when the proportion of one segment of the population is lower in a sample than it is in the population - a cause of sampling bias

Answer 36

undercoverage

Question 37

form of bias when the individuals selected to be in the sample who do not respond to the survey have different opinions from those who do

Answer 37

nonresponse bias

Question 38

form of bias when the answers given on a survey do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent

Answer 38

response bias

Question 39

question that allows the respondent to provide his or her own response

Answer 39

open question

Question 40

question that requires the respondent to choose from a list of predetermined responses

Answer 40

closed question

Question 41

controlled study conducted to determine the effect of varying one or more explanatory variables (factors) on a response variable

Answer 41

experiment

Question 42

any combination of the values of the explanatory variables (factors) in an experiment

Answer 42

treatment

Question 43

person, object, or other well-defined item upon which a treatment is applied in an experiment (AKA subject)

Answer 43

experimental unit

Question 44

baseline treatment that is used to compare to other treatments in an experiment

Answer 44

control group

Question 45

innocuous medication with no effect that looks, tastes, and smells like the experimental medication - used to prove efficacy of experimental medication

Answer 45

placebo

Question 46

non-disclosure of the treatment an experimental unit (subject) is receiving

Answer 46

blinding

Question 47

the experimental unit (subject) is unaware of which treatment they are receiving, but the researcher knows

Answer 47

single-blind experiment

Question 48

neither the experimental unit (subject) nor the researcher knows which treatment the experimental unit is receiving

Answer 48

double-blind experiment

Question 49

experimental design in which experimental units are paired up based on some way they're related / similar - one receives one treatment, the other receives another

Answer 49

matched-pairs design