Chapter 5

Question 1

Motive Perspective

Answer 1

Motives are best understood as reflecting the strengths of an individual

Question 2

Needs

Answer 2

Needs are an internal state that reflects lack of something necessary, and an internal directional force that shapes behaviour

Question 3

Sources of Need

Answer 3

These are biological and Psychological

Question 4

Biological sources of need

Answer 4

Needs for food, water, air, and pain avoidance

Question 5

Psychological sources of need

Answer 5

Needs for power, achievement and intimacy

Question 6

Strength of need

Answer 6

Influences the intensity of behaviours and helps us set priorities

Question 7

Why are needs directive

Answer 7

It helps to pertain to specific classes of goal objects or events, and helps create movement toward or away from something

Question 8

What are motives

Answer 8

Motives are cognition’s with effective overtones, organized around preferred experiences and goals, they eventually produce actions and appear in thoughts about goals

Question 9

Needs V. Motives

Answer 9

Needs are manifestations of the physical body and Motives are cognitive and effective experiences driving behaviours

Question 10

What is Press

Answer 10

Press is an external condition that prompts a desire to to get or avoid something, it has a motivational influence like needs, and characterize external events or condition

Question 11

Motive Dispositions

Answer 11

Natural tendency toward amount of motive and people vary in dispositional levels of motive

Question 12

Can motive dispositions influence behaviour

Answer 12

Yes, motive dispositions influence behaviour

Question 13

Motive States

Answer 13

Temporary shifts in behaviour and it is due to satisfaction of need or shift in actions or priorities

Question 14

Apperception

Answer 14

Perceiving stimuli in light of ones own motives and needs are projected into person’s fantasy

Question 15

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 15

A person creates a story for several pictorial themes, through apperception themes of the stories reflect a person’s motive

Question 16

Projective Test

Answer 16

When a persons patterns of thought, attitudes, observational capacity, and emotional responses are evaluated on the basis of responses to ambiguous test materials such as inkblot

Question 17

TAT underlying assumptions

Answer 17

Manifest needs - needs reflected in one’s own behaviour
Latent needs - needs not reflected in behaviour

Question 18

What is picture story exercise

Answer 18

When several ambiguous pictures are presented to participants who are asked to write an imaginative story in response to each picture

Question 19

David McClelland

Answer 19

American psychologist who developed scoring systems for TAT and describe three kinds of motivational needs

Question 20

What are the 3 motivational needs

Answer 20

• Achievement motivation (n-ach)
• Authority / Power motivation (n-pow)
• Affiliation motivation (n-affil)

Question 21

What are the traits of a high need for achievement

Answer 21

It is associated with choice of moderately difficult tasks, predicting higher performance in some domains, and may be resulting in behaviours that are similar to those motivated by desire to avoid failure

Question 22

TAT images

Answer 22

Obtaining goals, overcoming adversity, performing well

Question 23

Henry Murray and Needs

Answer 23

Murray conducted inhumane studies thought to influence later terrorists, he first presented the idea of motives as personality and he wanted to identify all basic human needs

Question 24

Studies of specific dispositional motives: Need for Power

Answer 24

• Need for Power
• Behavioural Manifestations
• interpersonal Implications

Question 25

Need for Power

Answer 25

Induces a motive to have an impact on others, and desire for prestige / to feel strong compared to others. It may have a biological basis or influence

Question 26

What do TAT images show with need for power

Answer 26

Vigorous action, concern about status, position or self image

Question 27

Behavioural Manifestations

Answer 27

When we seek out positions of authority and influence, trying to control our impressions and enhances effectiveness in managing others

Question 28

Interpersonal Implications

Answer 28

The need for power is associated with active and controlling orientation towards others, with a sensitivity to displays of dominance and submission and need can manifest in socially acceptable or unacceptable ways

Question 29

Studies of specific dispositional motives: Need for Affiliation

Answer 29

• Need for affiliation
• Manifestations of need

Question 30

Studies of specific dispositional motives: Need for Intimacy

Answer 30

• Need for Intimacy
• Behaviour expression

Question 31

Need for Intimacy

Answer 31

Made popular by McAdam’s in the 1980s, it is the desire to experience warm, close and communicative exchanges with another person

Question 32

What is a high need for intimacy associated with

Answer 32

It is associated with incorporating close others in self concept and greater marriage and job statisfaction

Question 33

What do approach focused motives entail

Answer 33

These motives are to attain something, such as a goal or milestone

Question 34

What do avoidance focused motives entail

Answer 34

These motives are to avoid undesirable outcomes

Question 35

What is included in the TAT tests

Answer 35

• Question reliability, complex scoring, time consuming, and reflection of implicit motives

Question 36

Implicit associations test (IAT)

Answer 36

This test runs off the idea that knowledge is implicit and associative, measuring links among semantic properties in memory, and can measure motives not available for introspection