Chapter 12

Question 1

Cognitive view of personalities

Answer 1

Views people as implicit scientists who try to predict the world efficiently to conserve cognitive resources

Question 2

What assumptions does the cognitive view of personality rest on

Answer 2

The assumption that people integrate and organize bits of information and the assumption that life involves many decisions, most of which occurring outside of consciousness

Question 3

When did cognitive psychology emerge

Answer 3

In the 1970s and 1980s

Question 4

Where does personality emerge from

Answer 4

Styles of cognitive processing

Question 5

What degree did George Kelly graduate with

Answer 5

A degree in physics and mathematics from Park College in 1926

Question 6

What were Kelly’s original opinions on psychology

Answer 6

He did not care much for the field and was unimpressed with the theories

Question 7

Where did Kelly’s interest for psychology develop

Answer 7

The University of Edinburgh in 1929

Question 8

Why did Kelly reject the need for motivational concepts to explain human behaviour

Answer 8

Kelly argued that we are not pushed into action by environmental or unconscious forces, he saw us as our own personal scientists

Question 9

What is predictive efficiency

Answer 9

When people test their constructs by making a prediction and evaluating its accuracy

Question 10

What is Kelly’s role construct repertory test (Rep Test)

Answer 10

The rep test identifies people who use to construe the world particularly their social roles

Question 11

What is a schema

Answer 11

A schema is a mental organization of information that facilitates recognition of new experiences

Question 12

What do schemas include information about

Answer 12

Exemplars, Prototypes, and fuzzy set

Question 13

Effects of schemas

Answer 13

Schemas facilitate intake of new information and fill in gaps of information

Question 14

How do schemas facilitate intake of new information

Answer 14

They give information a structure to fit into, tell you where to look for new info and where you are likely to find it

Question 15

How do schemas fill in gaps of information

Answer 15

Additional info in your memory fills in gaps in new info and default info is assumed unless other info is indicated

Question 16

How is semantic memory organized

Answer 16

Semantic memory is organized by meaning, such as images, words, and feelings

Question 17

What does semantic memory refer to

Answer 17

It refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience

Question 18

What is episodic memory

Answer 18

Episodic memory is the memory of experiences in space and time, it can be long and elaborate or brief

Question 19

Is our episodic memory specific to us

Answer 19

Yes, it is the recollection of biographical experiences and specific events in time in a serial form which we can reconstruct the actual events that took place throughout our lives

Question 20

What is semantic memory derived from

Answer 20

Semantic memory is generally derived from episodic memory and our episodic memory is considered to reinforce semantic memory

Question 21

What is a script

Answer 21

A script is a schema for a class of episodes that fills in missing information, refers to an abstract general memory for the typical activities that occur during routine events

Question 22

Socially relevant schemas

Answer 22

A study of how these processes apply to socially meaningful stimuli. ex. gender roles, types of social relations, emotions

Question 23

What do people form cognitive categories for

Answer 23

Types of people, gender roles, environments, social situations, social relations

Question 24

What is a self-schema

Answer 24

A schematic representation of the self that is larger and more complex than other schemas, and more emotion

Question 25

Do people differ in self-complexity

Answer 25

People differ in terms of the complexity of their self-schemas

Question 26

What are entity views

Answer 26

Abilities seen as not easily changed, the goal of task performance is to prove ability, failure results in distress and desire to quit

Question 27

What are incremental views

Answer 27

Abilities seen as increasing with experience, goal of task performance is to extend ability, failure seen as opportunity to increase ability