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Personality Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

The Trait Perspective

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1
Q

Trait / Type approach

A

Catalogue dimensions of differences, more explicit to see in trait than in type

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2
Q

Needs / Motive approach

A

View dispositions as enduring motivational characteristics

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3
Q

Excess of what bodily fluids causes people to be a certain type

A

Blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm

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4
Q

What does excess blood mean

A

Sanguine
Excess blood means you are cheerful and optimistic

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5
Q

What does excess black bile mean

A

Melancholic
Excess black bile means you are more depressed

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6
Q

What does excess yellow bile mean

A

Choleric
Excess yellow bile means you are more angry and irritable

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7
Q

What does excess phlegm mean

A

Phlegmatic
Excess phlegm means you are more calm

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8
Q

Nomothetic views of traits

A

Traits exist the same way in every person, which allows for comparisons among people and uniqueness arises from combinations of traits

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9
Q

Ideographic views of traits

A

Emphasizes each person’s uniqueness, traits are individual and not all traits are shared, and doesn’t allow for meaningful comparisons

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10
Q

What are types

A

These are discontinuous categories, and similar to our ideographic views, representing qualitative differences in people. Types are often viewed as biologically / genetically based

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11
Q

What are traits

A

These are continuous dimensions, and similar to nomothetic views, and represents quantitative differences in people

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12
Q

What is factor analysis

A

The statistical procedure which examines correlations among many variables in order to identify core factors

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13
Q

What does factor extraction identify

A

It identifies clusters of correlations

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14
Q

What are the steps of factor analysis

A
  1. Collect data (measure some variables)
  2. Self Report
  3. Observation
  4. From many individuals
  5. Calculate correlation between variables
  6. Extract factors
  7. Label / Name factors (be mindful of biases)
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15
Q

Lexical criterion of importance

A

Uses language as a basis for information

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16
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Controversial personality psychologist who was highly productive and paved the way for the five factor model

17
Q

What two dimensions did Eysenck discover before they were popular

A

Extraversion and Neuroticism

18
Q

What 3 super-traits did Eysenck conceptualize

A
  • Introversion > Extraversion
  • Emotionality > Stability
  • Psychoticism > least studied
19
Q

What are the basic dimensions of the five factor model

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. Neuroticism
  3. Openness
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Consciousnesses
20
Q

What is Tellegens model of three super-traits

A

Positive emotionality, negative emotionality, and constraint

21
Q

Zuckerman’s ‘alternative 5’

A
  1. Sociability
  2. Neuroticism-anxiety
  3. Aggression-hostility
    4.Impulsive sensation seeking
  4. Activity
22
Q

Ashton’s model

A

Added dimension of honesty-humility, HEXACO framework - 6 major dimensions of personality

23
Q

Digman’s socialization and personal growth factors

A
  • Demonstrated the emergence of two consistent higher - order factors, labelled Alpha and Beta
  • Digman suggested that Alpha, incorporating emotional stability, agreeableness and conscientiousness, might be regarded as a socialization factor, while Beta, consisting of extraversion and openness, might be considered a factor of personal growth
24
Q

Intrapersonal Circle

A

Assumes that core traits derive from those that concern interpersonal functioning

25
Q

What are the two dimensions underlying human relations

A
  • Dominance
  • Love
26
Q

Allport and Odbert
(1936)

A

17, 953 trait items found, 4, 500 considered ‘stable traits’

27
Q

Cattell (1943)

A

Did factor analysis on 171 stable traits, which creates 35 clusters and creating the 16PF

28
Q

Fiske (1949)

A

Reduces to 22 clusters and factor analysis results in 5 remaining factors

29
Q

Tupes & Christal (1961)

A

Replicates Fiske

30
Q

Norman (1963)

A

Replicates Tupes and Christal and writes a review about: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness

31
Q

What are the second order factors

A
  • Factors that cluster together to form factors
  • Second order analysis indicate whether factors themselves form factors

Personality Psychology (6 decks)

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