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AA3. VMCB 311 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

minimizes the development of resistance as well as resulting in a therapeutically successful
outcome

A

successful antimicrobial therapy

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2
Q

Effective antimicrobial therapy depends on

A
  1. Susceptibility of the pathogen
  2. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug
  3. Amount of drug given at one time
  4. Route, frequency of administration and the duration of treatment
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3
Q

Other variables relating to chemotherapy

A
  1. Toxicity of the drug for the host
  2. Its half-life
  3. Concentration and persistence at the site of infection
  4. its effect on the normal flora of the host
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4
Q

most useful of the classifications of antimicrobial drugs

A

mechanism of action

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5
Q

narrow- spectrum because they inhibit only bacteria

A

penicillin

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6
Q

broader because they inhibit both bacteria and protozoa

A
  1. sulfonamides
  2. trimethoprim
  3. lincosamides
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7
Q

only inhibit fungi

A

Polyenes

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8
Q

antibiotics that are narrow spectrum in that they inhibit only gram-positive

A
  1. bacitracin
  2. vancomycin
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9
Q

mainly inhibit gram negative bacteria

A

Polymyxin

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10
Q

broad spectrum drugs that inhibit both gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Tetracycline

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11
Q

most active against gram-positive bacteria but will inhibit some gram-negatives

A

Penicillin G, Lincosamides

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12
Q

Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial drugs

A
  1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  2. damage to cell membrane function
  3. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis or function
  4. inhibition of protein synthesis
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13
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. cephalosporins (β-lactam antibiotics)
  3. bacitracin
  4. vancomycin.
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14
Q

gives the cell wall remarkable strength

A

cross-linkage between peptidoglycans

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15
Q

Antibiotics that damage cell membrane function

A
  1. polymyxins
  2. monensin
  3. antifungal polyenes (amphotericin, nystatin)
  4. imidazoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole)
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16
Q

Drugs with greater selective toxicity which inhibit the synthesis of folic acid

A

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

17
Q

most useful classification of antimicrobial drugs

A

MOA

18
Q

drugs that inhibit nucleic acid function

A
  1. nitroimidazoles
  2. nitrofurans
  3. nalidixic acid
  4. fluoroquinolones
  5. Novobiocin
  6. Rifampin
  7. sulfonamides
  8. trimethoprim
  9. 5-flflucytosine.
19
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin

20
Q

aminocyclitols

A

spectinomycin

21
Q

lincosamides

A

clindamycin, lincomycin

22
Q

macrolides

A

azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, tylosin, tiamulin

23
Q

Affect 30s ribosomes

A

tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols

24
Q

affect 50s ribosomes

A

chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides

25
Q

combined action is no greater than that of the more effective drug used alone

A

indifference

26
Q

combined action is equivalent to the sum of the actions of each drug when used alone

A

additive

27
Q

combined action is significantly greater than the sum of both effect

A

synergism

28
Q

combined action is less than that of the more effective agent when used alone

A

antagonism

29
Q

Forms of antimicrobial synergy

A
  1. Two drugs may sequentially block a microbial metabolic pathway
  2. One drug may prevent the inactivation of a second drug by microbial enzymes
  3. One drug may promote the uptake of a second drug thereby increasing the
    overall antimicrobial effect
  4. One drug may affect the cell membrane and facilitate the entry of a second drug
  5. A drug combination may also prevent the emergence of resistant populations
30
Q

Considerations when administering two antimicrobial drugs

A
  1. Drugs are not antagonistics to each other
  2. Treatment of mixed bacterial infections, where each drug has activity against one of the pathogens
  3. Treatment of severe infections of uncertain aetiology
  4. Use of synergistic combinations with documented efficacy against specific
    infections
31
Q

threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi

A

AMR

32
Q

medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals and plants

A

antimicrobials

33
Q

develop antimicrobial resistance

A

superbugs

34
Q

bacterial cells that are not susceptible to the drug, but do not possess resistance genes

A

persistence

35
Q

minimal concentration of drug that will inhibit growth of the bacteria

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

36
Q

genes are naturally occurring in the bacteria, but are only expressed to resistance levels after exposure to an antibiotic

A

induced

37
Q

resistance always expressed in the species

A

intrinsic

38
Q

shared universallywithin a bacterial species, is independent of previous antibiotic exposure

A

intrinsic resistance

AA3. VMCB 311 (6 decks)

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