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AA3. VMCB 311 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

genetic information that a cell carry that includes
chromosomes and plasmid

A

genome

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2
Q

containing DNA that carry hereditary information

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

segments of DNA (except in RNA viruses) that code for functional product

A

genes

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4
Q

genetic makeup of an organism that codes for all its characteristics

A

genotype

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5
Q

organisms collection

A

genotype

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6
Q

actual expressed properties of an organism or the manifestation of a genotype

A

phenotype

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7
Q

separates the DNA strands

A

helicase

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8
Q

New nucleotides are added one by one to the end of growing strand by an enzyme

A

DNA polymerase

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9
Q

gaps of okazaki fragments are linked by

A

ligase

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10
Q

synthesis of a complimentary strand of RNA from a DNA template

A

transcription

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11
Q

carries the coded information for making specific proteins

A

messenger RNA

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12
Q

RNA synthesis starts at a site in the
strand called

A

promoter

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13
Q

decodes and translates the
genetic codes (codons)

A

translation

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14
Q

recognize the specific codon and transport the corresponding amino acid

A

transfer RNA

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15
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

direct the orderly binding to tRNAs to codons and to assemble the amino acids brought there into a chain, ultimately producing a protein

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16
Q

regulatory mechanism
that inhibits gene expression and decreases synthesis of enzymes

A

repression

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17
Q

repression is a response to

A

overabundance of an end-product

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18
Q

process that turns on the transcription of a gene

A

induction

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19
Q

change in the base sequence of a DNA which sometimes cause a change in the end-product (protein

A

mutation

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20
Q

a single base in one point of a DNA is
replaced with another base.

A

base mutation

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21
Q

happens when as a result of base mutation, an
incorrect amino acid is inserted into the synthesized protein

A

missense mutation

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22
Q

when one or a few nucleotide pairs are inserted or deleted in the DNA

A

frame shift mutation

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23
Q

exposure of bacteria to nitrous acid can convert the base adenine (A) to a form no longer unpairable with thymine at a random location

A

nitrous acid

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24
Q

have altered base-pairing property

A

nucleoside analog

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25
Q

frame-shift mutagen and also a potent carcinogen

A

aflatoxin

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26
Q

potent mutagens due to their ability to ionize
atoms and molecules

A

X-rays and Gamma rays

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27
Q

has the ability to form covalent bonds between bases

A

UV light

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28
Q

e exchange of genes between two DNA
molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome that results to a
genetic diversity in a population

A

genetic recombination

29
Q

occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring

A

vertical gene transfer

30
Q

Principe of horizontal gene transfer

A

transfer involves a donor cell that gives a portion of its DNA to a recipient cell

31
Q

transfer of genes from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA in a solution

A

transformation

32
Q

circular piece of DNA that replicates
independently from the cells chromosome

A

plasmid

33
Q

a virus that infects bacteria

A

bacteriophage

34
Q

extrachromosomal genetic element that is capable of autonomous replication in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell

A

plasmid

35
Q

plasmids integrated with host
chromosome

A

episomes

36
Q

transfer antibiotic resistant genes to some
organism

A

R plasmids

37
Q

Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of an organism’s genetic
information by directly changing its

A

nucleic acid

38
Q

value on basic research on gene structure and
function

A

genetic manipulation

39
Q

ethical problems that exist in modern genetics

A

genethics

40
Q

artificially introducing foreign genes into organisms

A

transfection

41
Q

recombinant organisms

A

Transgenic/GMO

42
Q

provides a complex code that encodes for synthesis of proteins

A

Structure of DNA

43
Q

changes its binding properties in response to heating and cooling

A

anneal

44
Q

causes DNA to become temporarily denatured

A

Temperature of 90–95°C

45
Q

necessary feature of the PCR and nucleic acid probes

A

Annealing

46
Q

DNA sequences recognized by restriction enzymes are predominantly

A

palindromes

47
Q

combining two complementary single-stranded
DNA or RNA molecules to form a single double-stranded molecule

A

Hybridization

48
Q

provides quantitative information about RNA synthesis

A

Northern blot

49
Q

detect specific DNA sequences in restriction fragments separated on gels

A

southern blot

50
Q

antibodies are used to detect cloned genes by binding to their protein products

A

western blot

51
Q

shows gene structure that helps research workers to find out the structure of gene products

A

DNA sequencing

52
Q

segments of DNA and RNA labeled with radioisotopes or enzymes

A

Nucleic acid probes

53
Q

can hybridize complementary nucleic acids with high degree of specificity

A

Nucleic acid probes

54
Q

formulated oligonucleotide tracers

A

gene probes

55
Q

synthesize large quantities of a DNA fragment without cloning it

A

PCR

56
Q

generate tens of billions of copies of a particular
DNA fragment

A

polymerase chain reaction

57
Q

3 steps in PCR technique

A
  1. Denaturation
  2. Annealing
  3. Extension
58
Q

DNA is denatured at high temperatures

A

denaturation

59
Q

primers anneal to the DNA template strands to prime extension

A

annealing

60
Q

occurs at the end of the annealed primers to create a complementary copy strand of DNA

A

extension

61
Q

referred to real time PCR

A

Quantitative PCR

62
Q

gives an idea about how much DNA amount
present in the sample

A

Qualitative PCR

63
Q

PCR technique used for detecting a specific DNA segment

A

Qualitative PCR

64
Q

two or more target sequences can be demonstrated simultaneously in a single specimen at the same time

A

Multiplex PCR

65
Q

collect data as the reaction is proceeding, which is more accurate for DNA and RNA quantitation and does not require laborious post PCR methods

A

Real time PCR

66
Q

change the phenotype of an organism (host) when a genetically altered vector is introduced

A

Recombinant DNA technology

67
Q

replace a faulty gene with a normal one in
individuals with fatal or extremely debilitating genetic diseases

A

Gene therapy

68
Q
A

AA3. VMCB 311 (6 decks)

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