Chapter 4

Question 1

genetic information that a cell carry that includes
chromosomes and plasmid

Answer 1

genome

Question 2

containing DNA that carry hereditary information

Answer 2

chromosomes

Question 3

segments of DNA (except in RNA viruses) that code for functional product

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

genetic makeup of an organism that codes for all its characteristics

Answer 4

genotype

Question 5

organisms collection

Answer 5

genotype

Question 6

actual expressed properties of an organism or the manifestation of a genotype

Answer 6

phenotype

Question 7

separates the DNA strands

Answer 7

helicase

Question 8

New nucleotides are added one by one to the end of growing strand by an enzyme

Answer 8

DNA polymerase

Question 9

gaps of okazaki fragments are linked by

Answer 9

ligase

Question 10

synthesis of a complimentary strand of RNA from a DNA template

Answer 10

transcription

Question 11

carries the coded information for making specific proteins

Answer 11

messenger RNA

Question 12

RNA synthesis starts at a site in the
strand called

Answer 12

promoter

Question 13

decodes and translates the
genetic codes (codons)

Answer 13

translation

Question 14

recognize the specific codon and transport the corresponding amino acid

Answer 14

transfer RNA

Question 15

What is the function of Ribosomes?

Answer 15

direct the orderly binding to tRNAs to codons and to assemble the amino acids brought there into a chain, ultimately producing a protein

Question 16

regulatory mechanism
that inhibits gene expression and decreases synthesis of enzymes

Answer 16

repression

Question 17

repression is a response to

Answer 17

overabundance of an end-product

Question 18

process that turns on the transcription of a gene

Answer 18

induction

Question 19

change in the base sequence of a DNA which sometimes cause a change in the end-product (protein

Answer 19

mutation

Question 20

a single base in one point of a DNA is
replaced with another base.

Answer 20

base mutation

Question 21

happens when as a result of base mutation, an
incorrect amino acid is inserted into the synthesized protein

Answer 21

missense mutation

Question 22

when one or a few nucleotide pairs are inserted or deleted in the DNA

Answer 22

frame shift mutation

Question 23

exposure of bacteria to nitrous acid can convert the base adenine (A) to a form no longer unpairable with thymine at a random location

Answer 23

nitrous acid

Question 24

have altered base-pairing property

Answer 24

nucleoside analog

Question 25

frame-shift mutagen and also a potent carcinogen

Answer 25

aflatoxin

Question 26

potent mutagens due to their ability to ionize atoms and molecules

Answer 26

X-rays and Gamma rays

Question 27

has the ability to form covalent bonds between bases

Answer 27

UV light

Question 28

e exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome that results to a genetic diversity in a population

Answer 28

genetic recombination

Question 29

occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring

Answer 29

vertical gene transfer

Question 30

Principe of horizontal gene transfer

Answer 30

transfer involves a donor cell that gives a portion of its DNA to a recipient cell

Question 31

transfer of genes from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA in a solution

Answer 31

transformation

Question 32

circular piece of DNA that replicates independently from the cells chromosome

Answer 32

plasmid

Question 33

a virus that infects bacteria

Answer 33

bacteriophage

Question 34

extrachromosomal genetic element that is capable of autonomous replication in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell

Answer 34

plasmid

Question 35

plasmids integrated with host chromosome

Answer 35

episomes

Question 36

transfer antibiotic resistant genes to some organism

Answer 36

R plasmids

Question 37

Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of an organism’s genetic information by directly changing its

Answer 37

nucleic acid

Question 38

value on basic research on gene structure and function

Answer 38

genetic manipulation

Question 39

ethical problems that exist in modern genetics

Answer 39

genethics

Question 40

artificially introducing foreign genes into organisms

Answer 40

transfection

Question 41

recombinant organisms

Answer 41

Transgenic/GMO

Question 42

provides a complex code that encodes for synthesis of proteins

Answer 42

Structure of DNA

Question 43

changes its binding properties in response to heating and cooling

Answer 43

anneal

Question 44

causes DNA to become temporarily denatured

Answer 44

Temperature of 90–95°C

Question 45

necessary feature of the PCR and nucleic acid probes

Answer 45

Annealing

Question 46

DNA sequences recognized by restriction enzymes are predominantly

Answer 46

palindromes

Question 47

combining two complementary single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules to form a single double-stranded molecule

Answer 47

Hybridization

Question 48

provides quantitative information about RNA synthesis

Answer 48

Northern blot

Question 49

detect specific DNA sequences in restriction fragments separated on gels

Answer 49

southern blot

Question 50

antibodies are used to detect cloned genes by binding to their protein products

Answer 50

western blot

Question 51

shows gene structure that helps research workers to find out the structure of gene products

Answer 51

DNA sequencing

Question 52

segments of DNA and RNA labeled with radioisotopes or enzymes

Answer 52

Nucleic acid probes

Question 53

can hybridize complementary nucleic acids with high degree of specificity

Answer 53

Nucleic acid probes

Question 54

formulated oligonucleotide tracers

Answer 54

gene probes

Question 55

synthesize large quantities of a DNA fragment without cloning it

Answer 55

PCR

Question 56

generate tens of billions of copies of a particular DNA fragment

Answer 56

polymerase chain reaction

Question 57

3 steps in PCR technique

Answer 57

1. Denaturation 2. Annealing 3. Extension

Question 58

DNA is denatured at high temperatures

Answer 58

denaturation

Question 59

primers anneal to the DNA template strands to prime extension

Answer 59

annealing

Question 60

occurs at the end of the annealed primers to create a complementary copy strand of DNA

Answer 60

extension

Question 61

referred to real time PCR

Answer 61

Quantitative PCR

Question 62

gives an idea about how much DNA amount present in the sample

Answer 62

Quantitative PCR

Question 63

PCR technique used for detecting a specific DNA segment

Answer 63

Qualitative PCR

Question 64

two or more target sequences can be demonstrated simultaneously in a single specimen at the same time

Answer 64

Multiplex PCR

Question 65

collect data as the reaction is proceeding, which is more accurate for DNA and RNA quantitation and does not require laborious post PCR methods

Answer 65

Real time PCR

Question 66

change the phenotype of an organism (host) when a genetically altered vector is introduced

Answer 66

Recombinant DNA technology

Question 67

replace a faulty gene with a normal one in individuals with fatal or extremely debilitating genetic diseases

Answer 67

Gene therapy