Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In what year did the British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming extracted Penicillum sp. mold thus called Penicillin?

A

1928

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2
Q

Who are the intellectuals that opposed Aristotle’s theory that states life emerges from non-living matter?

A

Lucretius, Girolamo Fracastoro

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3
Q

In 1668, he challenged the Theory of Spontaneous Generation through a demonstration that organisms did not spontaneously appear. Furthermore,
hypothesized that maggots come from flies.

A

Francesco Redi

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4
Q

He is a Dutch spectacle maker who first invented compound microscope which was more developed and popularized by Robert Hooke.

A

Zacharias Janssen

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5
Q

first person to use the word “cell” to identify microscopic structures when he was describing cork

A

Robert Hooke

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6
Q

Improved the compound microscope of Hooke, which made him become the first person to view living microorganisms, so tiny that they were invisible to the naked
eye, which he called “animalcule”.

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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7
Q

What is Louis Pasteur’s contribution regarding the debate of origin of organism?

A

Experimented beef broth through boiling them. Microorganisms were present in an unsealed boiled beef broth while boiled broth in a flask with seal was left uncontaminated. Demonstrating microorganisms were present in the air.

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8
Q

discovered the thermoresistant
phase of bacteria to boiling temperature

A

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn

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9
Q

observed that communicable diseases were caused by invisible creatures called contagion be it by direct or indirect contact

A

Girolamo Fracastoro

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10
Q

promoted washing of hands for doctors

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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11
Q

He suggested to filter and boil water before use, short after he suggested that a “cell” is causing the disease. He believed that cholera is transmitted by water
contaminated with waste of other cholera patients.

A

John Snow

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12
Q

What vaccines did Pasteur contribute?

A

fowl cholera, anthrax for small ruminants and rabies

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13
Q

elaborated the theory and practice of antiseptic surgery, which included washing the hands with carbolic acid to prevent infection

A

Joseph Lister

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14
Q

successfully linked a germ, Bacillus anthracis, to a specific infectious disease, anthrax; and Mycobacterium bacillus to tuberculosis which established the germ
theory of disease

A

Robert Koch

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15
Q

Koch’s Postulate

A
  1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy host.
  2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture from lesions of the disease.
  3. The isolated organism, in pure culture, when inoculated in suitable laboratory animals should produce a similar disease.
  4. The same microorganism must be isolated again in pure culture from the lesions produced in experimental animals.
  5. Antibodies specific to the
    bacterium should be demonstrable in the serum of patient suffering from the disease
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16
Q

discovered smallpox vaccine by collecting scrapings from cowpox blisters (a much milder form of disease) and inoculated it into a child volunteer

A

Edward Jenner

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17
Q

Why is Virology a branch of microbiology despite of being non-cellular in nature?

A

(1) the techniques used to study viruses are microbiological in nature, and (2) the diagnostic procedures used are employed in microbiological laboratories

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18
Q

What year was binomial nomenclature invented? And by whom?

A

1735; Carl Linnaeus

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19
Q

What is the job of a taxonomist?

A

responsible in naming and classifying organisms based on its stability and predictability

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20
Q

consisting of bacteria with cell walls containing peptidoglycan

A

eubacteria

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21
Q

are prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls

A

archaea

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22
Q

includes protists (protozoa, algae), fungi (yeasts, molds, mushrooms), plants, and animals

A

eukarya

23
Q

cell shape, size (μm), and structure, special structures, cell arrangements, staining reactions and motility and flagellar arrangement

A

morphological characteristics

24
Q

habitat and distribution of microorganism in nature, and interactions between and among species in natural environment

A

ecological characteristics

25
Q

ability to cause disease of a microorganism

A

pathogenecity

26
Q

hereditary material of the cell

A

genetic characteristics

27
Q

distinctive chemical components (antigens) of the
microorganism

A

antigenic characteristics

28
Q

how cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical
reactions, and regulate these reaction

A

metabolic characteristics

29
Q

nutritional requirements and physical conditions required for
growth (temperature), and the manner in which growth occurs, type of culture
medium

A

cultural characteristics

30
Q

although not strictly microorganisms, these organisms
are microscopic in some stages of their development

A

multicellular animal parasites

31
Q

acellular microorganism; made either of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein
coat, that is sometimes further encased in a lipid membrane; need host cells to
reproduce.

A

virus

32
Q

photosynthetic eukaryotes; cell walls are made of cellulose (plant
carbohydrate)

A

algae

33
Q

unicellular eukaryotic; move by appendages.

A

protozoa

34
Q

cell walls lacks peptidoglycan; found in extreme
environments

A

archaea

35
Q

also called prokaryotes (no nuclear membrane); unicellular; enclosed in cell
walls rich in carbohydrates and peptidoglycan; divides by binary fission

A

bacteria

36
Q

a highly contagious viral disease of ruminants was completely eradicated in 2011 by immunization combined with quarantine method

A

rinderpest

37
Q

When was FMD completely eradicated in the Philippines?

A

2005

38
Q

demonstrated the specific
effect of antibiotic streptomycin in inhibiting tuberculosis in both animals and people

A

W.H. Feldman

39
Q

ability of a pathogenic microbe to
develop a resistance to the effects of an antimicrobial medication

A

Antimicrobial Resistance

40
Q

opposite to cellular microorganisms, acellular microbes needs host cells to reproduce… example is a virus

A

acellular microorganism

41
Q

a guideline that Robert Koch created in establishing a disease and
pathogen relationship

A

Koch’s Postulate

42
Q

ability of a microscope to see a tiny object 1000 times

A

magnification

43
Q

the ability to distinguish details or to see two close objects as two distinct objects

A

resolution

44
Q

are the lenses you look through in a compound microscope

A

eyepiece

45
Q

It is where light travels from the objectives through a series of magnifying lenses to pass ocular

A

body tube

46
Q

bends the light rays so that
they will pass through oculars

A

prism

47
Q

Attached to a rotating nose piece, or turret, at the base of the body tube

A

objective lenses

48
Q

surface or platform on which you place the microscope slide

A

stage

49
Q

light source, usually an electric lamp, which transmits light
through a translucent object for view

A

illuminating system

50
Q

You can focus your microscope by using this.

A

Coarse and fine adjustment knobs

51
Q

a type of an electron microscope that provides a three- dimensional image of the object as well as high resolution.

A

scanning electron microscope

52
Q

utilizes a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light used in the light
microscopy

A

electron microscope

53
Q

uses an ultraviolet light source to expose a specimen stained with
fluorescent dye resulting in an emission of longer wavelength of light

A

fluorescent microscopes

54
Q
A