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AA3. VMCB 311 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

represented by single, discrete round cell

A

monococcus

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2
Q

the cell divides but the cells remain attached to each other.

A

diplococcus

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3
Q

cells divide repeatedly in one plane to form chain
of cells

A

streptococcus

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4
Q

this consists of four round cells, which divide in two planes at right angles to one another and remain in group of four

A

tetracoccus

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5
Q

cells divided into three planes forming a structured like bunches of grapes giving and irregular configuration

A

staphylococcus

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6
Q

cells divide in three planes but they form a cube like configuration consisting of eight or sixteen cells but they have a regular shape

A

sarcina

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7
Q

usually round but can either be oval, elongated, spherical or elliptical shape. Either they may remain as a single cell or may aggregate together for various configuration

A

Cocci (singular coccus meaning berries)

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8
Q

these are rod shaped or cylindrical bacteria which either remain singly or
in pairs

A

bacilli

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8
Q

curved, comma shaped bacteria and represented by a single genus

A

vibro

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9
Q

spiral or spring like with multiple curvature and terminal flagella with
fairly rigid bodies

A

spirilla

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10
Q

helical and flexible which move by means of axial filaments
resembling flagella but contained within an external sheath

A

spirochete

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11
Q

an oval shaped bacilli similar to cocci

A

coccobacilli

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12
Q

occurs in chain after cell division

A

streptobacilli

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13
Q

appear in pairs after cell division

A

diplobacilli

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14
Q

Three types of Bacilli

A

diplobacilli
streptobacilli
coccobacilli

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15
Q

e size of most bacteria ranges from?

A

0.2 μm (micrometer) to 2.0 μm
in diameter and from 2.0 μm to 8.0 μm

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16
Q

What are the different shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci, Bacilli, Vibro, Spirilla, Spirochete

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17
Q

it means sugar coat

A

glycocalyx

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18
Q

glycocalyx is composed of one of these two, or both?

A

polysaccharide and polypeptide

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19
Q

attaches to
the surface of the teeth and cause dental carries

A

Streptococcus mutan

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20
Q

Two forms of Glycocalyx

A

capsule form and slime layer

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21
Q

Functions of Glycocalyx as external structure of cell wall (3)

A

a. enables bacteria to survive by attaching to surfaces

b. bacterial source of energy when supply is low

c. protection to hosts cell by attaching to surface hence preventing the movements of nutrients out of cell during dehydration

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22
Q

substance is organized, is firmly attached to the cell wall, and clinically contributes to the virulence (ability to cause disease) of
bacteria due to its capacity to evade phagocytosis by hosts cells

A

capsule form

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23
Q

the substance in unorganized and is loosely attached to the cell wall

A

slime layer form

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24
Q

three basic parts of Flagella

A
  1. filament: parts: long outermost part that contains flagellin arranged in helix
  2. hook: where filament is attached
  3. basal body: anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane. The
    flagella move by rotating from the basal body either in clockwise or
    counterclockwise direction
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25
Q

different patterns of flagella motility

A

(a) run or swim: bacterium moves in one direction

(b) tumbles: periodic abrupt or random interruptions to run or swim

(c) swarm: rapid wavelike movement.

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26
Q

also called endoflagella present in Spirochetes like Borrelia
burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease

A

axial filament

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27
Q

is a type of a protein called pilin. It is a numerous hair like appendages
that surrounds the bacterium and helps to attach to hosts surface

A

fimbriae

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28
Q

Another type of the protein pilin but is only presented in one or two per
bacterium. It helps bacterial cell to prepare DNA transfer from one cell to another.

A

Pili

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29
Q

a semi rigid structure protects the interior of the cell from the outside environment

A

cell wall

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30
Q

What are the functions of cell wall?

A

(1) prevents rupture of the cell,

(2) maintain shape of cell,

(3) anchors flagella,

(4) contributes to the virulence of the bacteria,

(5) site of action of some antibiotics, and

(6) the chemical composition
of cell is used to differentiate types of bacteria.

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31
Q

have multiple layers of peptidoglycan in its cell wall for a thick rigid structure

A

Gram positive bacteria

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32
Q

provide the antigenic capacity of
the bacteria making it possible to identify it upon laboratory tests

A

teichoic acids

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33
Q

has a thin layer of peptidoglycan
making it very susceptible to mechanical breakage or environmental degradation

A

gram negative bacteria

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34
Q

Outer portion of cell wall is composed of?

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called endotoxin), lipoproteins and phospholipids

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35
Q

Functions of outer portion of cell wall

A

(1) evades phagocytosis and cell lysis

(2) barrier to antibiotics and other enzymes

(3)passage of molecules thru porin channels

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36
Q

It provides antigenic capacity of the bacteria and causes psychological effects when present in the blood stream (toxicity, fever, sepsis, shock or death)

A

Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)

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37
Q

It prevents reaction to Gram strain

A

mycolic acid

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38
Q

Functions of the Plasma membrane?

A

(1) entry/exit of substances in cell by selective permeability,

(2) protect and lubricate the cell,

(3) cell-to-cell interactions, and

(4) breakdown of nutrients and energy production

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39
Q

What is the difference between Passive and Active Processes of movement of materials across membrane?

A

Passive processes involves simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis. While active processes include active transport and group translocation.

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40
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

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41
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

same with simple diffusion but substances are transported
across the membrane via transporter

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42
Q

define osmosis

A

movement of a solvent molecule (water) from high concentration to low concentration via a selectively
permeable membrane

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43
Q

what is active transport

A

cell uses energy to transport a substance from lower to higher concentration without
altering the substance

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44
Q

define group translocation

A

a special type of active that
alters the substance being transported across a membrane

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45
Q

composed mainly of
water and other substances like proteins, carbohydrates or lipids

A

cytoplasm

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46
Q

Carry genes associated to antibiotic resistance, toxin production or enzyme
synthesis. Also important in gene manipulation of bacteria.

A

Plasmid

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47
Q

present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and serve as sites
for protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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48
Q

Inclusions are reserve deposits of? (7)

A

(1) metachromatic granules (used in
ATP synthesis),

(2) polysaccharide granules,

(3) lipid inclusions,

(4) sulfur granules (energy reserve),

(5) carboxysomes (for carbon dioxide fixation),

(6) gas vacuoles (maintain buoyancy),

and (7) magnetosomes

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49
Q

specialized resting cell formed internal the cell membrane when a bacterial cell goes into vegetative state (active cell that undergoes metabolism) in a process called sporulation

A

endospores

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50
Q

bacteria having flagella evenly distributed around the cell surface

A

Peritrichous

51
Q

bacteria having single or cluster of flagella at both end of cell

A

amphitrichous

52
Q

bacteria with single flagellum in one end of cell

A

Monotrichous

53
Q

bacteria having bundle of flagella in one end of cell

A

lophotrichous

54
Q

bacteria without flagella

A

Atrichous

55
Q

cell wall of these bacteria is composed of peptidoglycan layer only. The cell wall retains the crystal fire lit or gram stain which appear violate in Gram staining.

A

Gram positive bacteria

56
Q

cell wall of these bacteria is composed of Peptidoglycan and outer membrane. The cell wall does not retain the gram stain, but they take up the red color of the counter stain during Gram staining

A

Gram negative bacteria

57
Q

bacteria that requires and cannot grow in the absence of
oxygen

A

Obligate aerobes

58
Q

bacteria that do not require oxygen but can use it if available

A

Facultative anaerobes

59
Q

bacteria that do not require but can tolerate the presence of oxygen for growth

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

60
Q

bacteria that do not require but can tolerate low concentration
of oxygen for growth

A

Microaerophiles

61
Q

bacteria that can grow only in absence of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

62
Q

bacteria that require carbon dioxide for growth

A

capnophiles

63
Q

bacteria that uses reduced inorganic compounds such as H2S as electron source

A

Photolithotrops

64
Q

uses organic compounds such as succinate as
electron source

A

Photoorganotrops

65
Q

they gain energy from oxidation of chemical compound and reduces inorganic compounds such as NH3 as electron source

A

Chemolithotrops

66
Q

gain energy from chemical compounds and uses organic compound such as glucose and amino acids as source of electron

A

Chemoorganotrops

67
Q

utilized light to assimilate carbon dioxide

A

Photoautotrops

68
Q

They utilize chemical energy for assimilation of
carbon dioxide

A

Chemoautotrops

69
Q

bacteria which uses organic compound as carbon source and lack the ability to fix carbon dioxide

A

Heterotrophs

70
Q

bacteria which gain energy from light

A

Phototrophs

71
Q

gain energy from chemical compounds and cannot carry out photosynthesis

A

Chemotrophs

72
Q

nonpathogenic, free-living bacteria which uses solar energy or
carbon dioxide as sole source of carbon to prepare its own food

A

Autotrophs

73
Q

fungi, other algae, slime molds and protozoa belong to a group called

A

eukaryotes

74
Q

kingdom Protista, bacteria and blue-green algae belong to a group called

A

prokaryotes

75
Q

sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

A

metabolism

76
Q

an enzyme-regulated chemical
process that releases energy whereby complex organic compounds are breakdown into simpler ones

A

catabolism

77
Q

enzyme-regulated chemical process that requires energy to build complex organic molecules from simpler ones

A

anabolism

78
Q

formation or breakdown of chemical bonds is made possible by collision of atoms, ions or molecules that are continuously moving and colliding with one another

A

collision theory

79
Q

energy required for a chemical reaction is called

A

activation energy

80
Q

They are substances which serve as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without them being permanently altered

A

enzymes

81
Q

enzyme has a unique surface configuration that enables it to bind to its corresponding substance called?

A

substrate

82
Q

The mechanism of enzymatic
actions

A

(1) The surface of the substrate contacts a specific region of the surface of the enzyme molecule called the active site.
(2) A temporary intermediate compounds forms, called an enzyme-substrate complex.
(3) The substrate molecule
is transformed either by rearrangement, breakdown or in combination with other
molecule.
(4) The transformed substrate molecules are released from the enzyme
molecule.
(5) The unchanged enzyme is now free to react with other substrate
molecules.

83
Q

factors that influence enzymatic activity

A

temperature, ph, substrate, inhibition

84
Q

process by which non-competitive inhibitors carry out its function wherein inhibitors bind to parts of the enzyme other than substrate binding site

A

allosteric or feedback inhibition

85
Q

type of RNA that serving as catalyst acting specifically on strands of RNA during protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

86
Q

removal of electron from an atom or molecule in a reaction
that produces energy

A

oxidation

86
Q

gaining one or more electron.

A

reduction

87
Q

These two reactions are always coupled, each time a molecule is oxidized another is simultaneously reduced.

A

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reaction

88
Q

used by cells in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules.

A

redox reaction

89
Q

ATP is generated when a high energy P
is directly transferred from phosphorylated compound to ADP

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

90
Q

electrons are transferred from organic
compound to a series of electron carriers in a system called electron
transport chain

A

oxidative phosphorylation

91
Q

occurs only in photosynthetic cells which contain chlorophyll (light energy trapping pigments) that can be converted into ATP in a process involving electron transport chain system

A

photophosphorylation

92
Q

oxidation of glucose into pyruvic acid that occurs during the first stage of carbohydrate catabolism. It is also called Embden- Meyerhof pathway

A

glycolysis

93
Q

an ATP-generating process wherein the final electron acceptor is an inorganic
molecule

A

cellular respiration

94
Q

done in a process called Krebs cycle also called as tricarboxylic cycle or citric acid cycle. Krebs cycle releases
ATP from acetyl coA in its every step

A

aerobic respiration

95
Q

the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen. Example: Pseudomonas and Bacillus using nitrate ion, or Desulfovibrio using sulfate

A

anaerobic respiration

96
Q

generate energy from sugars and other organic molecules such as
amino acids, organic acids, purines and pyrimidines by not requiring oxygen, Krebs cycle or electron transport chain system

A

fermentation

97
Q

end-product is lactic acid (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus)

A

lactic acid fermentation

98
Q

end-product is ethanol (Saccharomyces)

A

alchohol fermentation

99
Q

Light-dependent (light) reactions

A

uses light energy to generate energy
(photophosphorylation)

100
Q

Light-independent (dark) reactions

A

breakdown of carbon dioxide into
sugar using energy generated in the first stage

101
Q

Metabolic pathways that uses the energy generated by processes

A
  1. Polysaccharide biosynthesis
  2. Lipid biosynthesis
  3. Amino acid and protein biosynthesis
  4. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis
102
Q

bacteria undergo asexual cell division to produce two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell

A

binary fission

103
Q

time required for a bacterium to give rise to two daughter cells under optimum conditions

A

generation time

104
Q

Microbial concentrations can be measured in terms of?

A

(i) cell concentration (the number of viable cells per unit volume of culture)

(ii) biomass concentration (dry weight of cells per unit volume of culture)

105
Q

denotes the total number of bacteria in the sample, irrespective of whether they are living or dead. This is done by counting the bacteria under the microscope using counting chamber or by comparing the growth with standard opacity tubes

A

total count

106
Q

Viable count

A

indicates the number of living or viable bacteria

107
Q

series of sequential dilutions used to reduce a dense culture of cells to a more usable concentration

A

dilution method

108
Q

number of colonies that grow after a suitable incubation time

A

plating method

109
Q

method utilized for industrial and research purpose that is achieved by using a special device for replenishing nutrients and removing bacterial population continuously so that bacteria growth is not inhibited due to lack of nutrients or due to accumulation of toxic bacterial metabolites

A

continuous culture

110
Q

bacterial population declines due to death
of cells due to?

A

(a) accumulation of toxic products and autolytic enzymes

(b) exhaustion of nutrients

111
Q

bacterial growth almost stops
completely due to depletion of essential nutrients, water oxygen, change in pH of the medium, etc. and accumulation of their own toxic metabolic wastes
(exotoxins)

A

stationary phase

112
Q

characterized by rapid exponential cell growth of bacteria at their maximum rate. The bacterial cells are small and uniformly stained. The microbes are sensitive to adverse conditions, such as antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents

A

log phase

113
Q

In this phase, the inoculated bacteria become acclimatized to the environment, switch on various enzymes, and adjust to the environmental temperature and atmospheric conditions

A

lag phase

114
Q

when solution outside the cell has higher concentration of solutes than
inside the cell, water is diffused outside of cell and the cell shrinks

A

hypertonic environment

115
Q

when solution outside the cell has lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell, water is diffused inside of cell and the cell swells

A

hypotonic solution

116
Q

when concentrations in two solutions are same, so cell will neither swells nor shrink

A

isotonic solution

117
Q

important for all organic compounds that make up a living cell; consist half the dry weight of a typical bacterial cell

A

carbon

118
Q

helps form the amino group in amino acids

A

nitrogen

119
Q

used to synthesize sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamin

A

sulphur

120
Q

important in synthesis of ATP, nucleic acids and phospholipids of cell membranes

A

phosphorus

121
Q

minerals that are minimally required by microbes, and are also essential in enzymatic reactions

A

trace elements

122
Q

are essential organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism thus must be obtained from the
environment. Ex: vitamin

A

organic growth factors

123
Q

highly unstable, steals electron from
neighboring molecules thereby increasing free radicals

A

Superoxide free radicals

124
Q

most reactive form of oxygen

A

hydroxyl radical

AA3. VMCB 311 (6 decks)

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