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NASM CPT > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

A

Human Movement System

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2
Q

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

A

Kinetic Chain

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3
Q

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.

A

Nervous System

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4
Q

Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.

A

Neuron

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5
Q

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

A

Effector Sites

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6
Q

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System

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7
Q

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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8
Q

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

A

Afferent Pathway

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9
Q

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

A

Efferent Pathway

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10
Q

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

A

Mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

A

Somatic Nervous System

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12
Q

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones)

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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13
Q

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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14
Q

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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15
Q

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

A

Sensory Function

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16
Q

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

A

Proprioception

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17
Q

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

A

Integrative Function

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18
Q

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.

A

Motor Function

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19
Q

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

A

Muscle Spindles

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20
Q

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

A

Stretch Reflex

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21
Q

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

A

Golgi Tendon Organs

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22
Q

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

A

Joint Receptors

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23
Q

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.

A

Motor Skills

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24
Q

Rigid rods where muscles attach

A

Levers

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25
Q

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

A

Remodeling

26
Q

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

A

Osteoclasts

27
Q

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

A

Osteoblasts

28
Q

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

A

Wolff’s Law

29
Q

Movement of a limb that is visible.

A

Osteokinematics

30
Q

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

A

Arthrokinematics

31
Q

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.

A

Synovial Joints

32
Q

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

A

Nonaxial Joints

33
Q

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

A

Non-synovial Joints

34
Q

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

A

Ligament

35
Q

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

A

Elastin

36
Q

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

A

Skeletal Muscle

37
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.

A

Fascia

38
Q

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”

A

Epimysium

39
Q

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium.

A

Fascicles

40
Q

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

A

Perimysium

41
Q

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

A

Endomysium

42
Q

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

A

Glycogen

43
Q

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.

A

Myoglobin

44
Q

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

A

Myofibrils

45
Q

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.

A

Myofilaments

46
Q

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

A

Actin

47
Q

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

A

Myosin

48
Q

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines

A

Sarcomere

49
Q

The meeting point of each sarcomere.

A

Z-Line

50
Q

The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract.

A

Neural Activation

51
Q

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers.

A

Neuromuscular Junction

52
Q

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

A

Motor Unit

53
Q

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

A

Action Potential

54
Q

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.

A

Acetylcholine

55
Q

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.

A

Sliding Filament Theory

56
Q

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction.

A

Excitation Contraction Coupling

57
Q

The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle.

A

Power Stroke

58
Q

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

59
Q

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.

A

Resting Length

60
Q

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.

A

Type 1 muscle fibers

61
Q

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.

A

Type 2 muscle fibers

62
Q

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.

A

All-or-nothing Principle

NASM CPT (7 decks)

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