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PS102 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A
  • stimulus-detection process
  • translate stimuli into nerve impulses
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2
Q

perception

A

organizing and giving meaning to input

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3
Q

sensation vs perception

A
  • sensation is our ability to detect senses like touch, pain, vision, or the movement and positioning of our body
  • perception is the way in which the brain processes and communicates these senses to the rest of the body
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4
Q

pathway of stimulus to perception

A

1.) stimulus - light, sound, smell
2.) sensory receptors - eyes, ears, nose
3.) transduction of neural Impulses
4.) perception: visual, auditory, olfactory areas

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5
Q

what is psychophysics

A
  • studies relations between physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities
  • concerned with two types of sensitivity: absolute and difference threshold
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6
Q

absolute threshold

A
  • asks about the absolute limits of sensitivity
  • the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected correctly 50% of the time
  • the lower the absolute threshold, the greater the sensitivity
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7
Q

difference threshold

A
  • asks about the difference between stimuli
  • the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time (just a noticeable difference)
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8
Q

what is Weber’s law?

A

just noticeable difference (or JND) between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the intensity of the original stimulus

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9
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminishing sensitivity to unchanging stimulus

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10
Q

what is the value of sensory adaptation?

A

frees senses from the unchanging to be more sensitive to changes in the environment

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11
Q

two types of processing

A

→ turns sensory information into perceptual information
1.) bottom up
2.) top down

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12
Q

bottom up processing

A
  • taking in sensory information and allow the stimulus itself to shape our perception, without any preconceived ideas.
  • “What am I seeing?”
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13
Q

top down processing

A
  • using background knowledge, models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information
  • “Is that something I’ve seen before?”
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14
Q

perceptual set

A

when we see what we expect to see (top down influences)

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15
Q

what 2 processes does attention involve?

A
  • focusing on certain stimuli
  • filtering out other information
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16
Q

divided attention

A

multitasking, or paying attention to more than one stimulus or task at a time

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17
Q

selective attention

A

involves focusing on one stimulus or task while ignoring other stimuli

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18
Q

inattentional blindness

A

when the effects of attention are so strong that we fail to see stimuli that are directly in front of our eyes

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19
Q

what are Gestalt’s principles of perceptual organization?

A

1.) proximity: elements that are close together belong together
2.) similarities: similar items belong together
3.) continuity: elements linked to form a continuous line
4.) closure: close open edges to perceive boundaries

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20
Q

what did Gestalt say about perceptual organization?

A
  • suggested perception was governed by laws that
    determined how things were grouped together,
  • figure ground principle!
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21
Q

what is the figure ground principle?

A
  • the most fundamental Gestalt principle
  • simplest form of organization = we pick out objects and figures standing against a background
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22
Q

perceptual constancies

A

refers to our ability to see objects as appearing a constant colour, size, and shape, despite continual changes in our perspective (top down process)

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23
Q

colour constancy

A

We see a consistent colour in changing illumination conditions

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24
Q

brightness constancy

A

we see a consistent brightness in changing shadow conditions

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25
Q

shape constancy

A

we see a constant shape in an object despite receiving different sensory images of the shape

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26
Q

size contancy

A

we see objects as having a constant size, despite changes to the sensory input with variations in distance

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27
Q

monocular cues

A

depth can be percieved with one eye

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28
Q

binocular depth cues

A
  • depth perceived with two eyes
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29
Q

monocular depth cue: accommodation

A

processes by which the lens changes shape in order to bring an object from a distance into focus

30
Q

monocular depth cue: relative motion

A

when we are moving, we can tell which objects are farther away because it takes them long to pass by

31
Q

monocular depth cue: interposition

A

when one object appears to block the view of another, we assume the blocked object is farther

32
Q

monocular depth cue: relative size

A

we interpret similar objects as farther away when they appear similar

33
Q

monocular depth cue: linear perspective

A
  • we see parallel lines as converging in the distance
  • the Ponzo Illusion = our perception of distance affects our perception of length
34
Q

monocular depth cue: light and shadow

A

shadows can give clues to the location and sizes of objects

35
Q

binocular depth cue: retinal disparity

A

two eyes receive different visual images and then feature detectors analyze differences

36
Q

binocular depth cue: convergence

A

when looking at a close-up object, your eyes angle inwards towards each other (you become slightly cross-eyed)

37
Q

chemical sense

A
  • senses receptive to chemical stimulation and rely on chemical molecules
38
Q

taste

A

→ chemical receptors are taste buds, each with several receptors cells
→ 9000 taste buds in different regions, each located on the edges/back of the tongue.
→ responds to 4 basic qualities: sweet, sour, salty, bitterq

39
Q

olfaction

A

→ receptors line the upper nasal cavity (about 40 million receptors) and odor molecules “lock” onto certain sites
→ receptors send message to olfactory area in brain

40
Q

pheromones

A

chemical signals found in the natural body scents

41
Q

what stimuli do visual system process?

A

light, or waves of electromagnetic radiation

42
Q

how do eyes respond to wavelengths of light?

A
  • 360 to 750 nm
  • we perceive the wavelength/frequency of the light waves as colours
  • we perceive the amplitude/height of the light waves as brightness
43
Q

how does light travels through the eye?

A
  • light travels through the cornea and pupil, and gets focused and inverted by the lens
  • the light then lands on the retina where the light waves are transduce into a neural signal
44
Q

layers of the retina

A

1.) photoreceptors
2.) bipolar cells
3.) ganglion cells
4.) optic disc

45
Q

photoreceptors in the retina

A
  • transduce light waves into a neural impulse
  • two kinds of photoreceptors: rods and cones
  • able to adapt to brightness and darkness
46
Q

rods

A
  • function best in low illumination
  • found mostly in periphery of retina and none in fovea
  • take 30 minutes to adapt to low illumination
47
Q

cones

A
  • for colour and detail
  • function best in high illumination
  • concentrated in fovea/center of retina
  • take 10 minutes to adapt to low illumination
48
Q

bipolar cells in the retina

A
  • rods and cones have synaptic connection with bipolar cells
    →cones have one to one connection
    →many rods connect to single bipolar cell
49
Q

ganglion cells in retina

A
  • bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells
  • axons of ganglion cells form optic nerve
50
Q

optic disc in retina

A

an area of the retina that contains no rods or cones, because this is the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye

51
Q

what is the trichromatic theory (Young-Hemholtz)?

A
  • colour vision
  • there are 3 types of colour receptors in the retina
  • individual cones most sensitive to blue, green or red wavelengths of light
  • visual system combines activity from these cells to allow us to perceive all the colours
52
Q

problems with the trichromatic theory?

A
  • cannot explain why red-green colour blind individuals can perceive yellow
  • cannot explain afterimages
53
Q

what is the opponent-process theory?

A

3 cone types, and each responds to two different wavelengths
→Red or green
→Blue or yellow
→Black or white

54
Q

how does the opponent process theory explain afterimages?

A
  • neural processes become fatigued
  • have rebound effect with receptor responding with its opponent, opposite reaction
55
Q

why are both trichromatic and opponent-process theory correct?

A

→ 3 types of cones, each maximally sensitive to blue, green or red wavelengths of light = fits with trichromatic theory
→ opponent mechanisms occur further along in the visual system = fits with opponent-process theory

56
Q

how do visual neural impulses travel in the brain ?

A
  • impulses go from: thalamus to primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
    →specific regions of retina are processed in specific areas of cortex
    →fovea has large representation in visual cortex
    `
57
Q

feature detectors

A
  • cells in the primary visual cortex that are very particular about what will make them fire
  • feature detectors begin the visual process by firing to specific shapes, colours, depths, movements, directions of a stimulus
58
Q

what are the two pathways from the feature detectors?

A

1.) The ventral stream
2.) The dorsal stream

59
Q

how is the stimulus of light turned into the mental act of seeing?

A

light waves → transduction → neural signal → features → objects

60
Q

parallel processing

A

different areas of the brain process different aspects of a stimulus

61
Q

2 characteristics of soundwaves

A
  • frequency (pitch)
  • amplitude (loudness)
62
Q

how does hearing loss occur?

A
  • conduction hearing loss = when the middle ear isn’t conducting sound well to the cochlea
  • sensorineural hearing loss = when the receptor cells aren’t sending messages through the auditory nerves
63
Q

causes of hearing loss

A
  • exposure to sounds that are too loud can cause damage to the hair cells
  • structures in the middle and inner ear can also be damaged by disease
64
Q

treating hearing loss

A
  • conduction hearing loss helped with hearing aids that amplify the sounds
  • sensorineural hearing loss helped with cochlear implant that translates sound waves into signals the brain can process
65
Q

how does the brain interpret loudness?

A
  • the firing rate of the hair cells = higher amplitude sound waves cause greater release of neurotransmitter, resulting in higher firing rate
  • the number of hair cells firing = high amplitude sound waves move more hair cells than softer sounds
  • the type of hair cells firing =certain neurons fire only to specific amplitudes
66
Q

frequency theory

A
  • the frequency of the auditory nerve’s impulses “match” the frequency of a wave, which allows us to detect its pitch
  • doesn’t work above 1000 Hz
67
Q

place theory

A
  • specific frequencies peak at certain places on the cochlea, depending on the pitch
  • the brain reads pitch by reading the location where the signals are coming from
68
Q

binaural hearing

A

is the ability to hear in two ears

69
Q

how does binaural hearing help localize sound?

A

1.) timing of sounds = sounds arrive at the closest ear first
2.) intensity of sounds = sound arriving at closest ear will be more intense

70
Q

how do hearing neural pathways travel in the brain?

A

impulses go from:
- thalamus to the primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe) = specific regions of the cochlea are represented in specific areas of the cortex
- from there, signals go to the secondary auditory cortex = interprets complex sound (speech and music)

PS102 (9 decks)

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