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PS102 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

social cognition

A

how people perceive, interpret, and classify their own and other’s social behaviours

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2
Q

attitudes

A

positive or negative reactions toward a stimulus

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3
Q

3 components of attitude

A

1.) Cognitive → beliefs, ideas
2.) Affective → emotions, feelings
3.) Behavioural → predispositions to act

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4
Q

when do attitudes have the strongest influence on behaviour?

A
  • situational factors are weak
  • attitude is stable
  • attitude is specific to the behaviour
  • attitude is easily recalled
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5
Q

two routes of persuasion

A

central route and peripheral route

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6
Q

central route persuasion

A
  • logic driven through the rational mind
  • influencing attitudes with evidence and facts
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7
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

changing attitudes by going around the rational mind and appealing to fears, desires and associations

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8
Q

persuasion strategies

A

Foot in the door technique and door in the face technique

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9
Q

foot in the door technique

A

Get them to agree to something small so they will agree to something larger later on

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10
Q

door in the face technique

A

Ask them for something large, expecting a rejection, so that they are more likely to agree to a smaller request

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11
Q

dissonance theory

A

a state of emotional discomfort people experience when they hold two contradictory beliefs or hold a belief that contradicts their behaviour

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12
Q

implicit attidude

A

an attitude of which the individual is unaware

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13
Q

stereotypes

A

unfair/untrue belief about people or things with a particular characteristic (may be positive or negative)

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14
Q

prejudice

A

negative stereotypical attitudes towards all members of a group (racism, sexism etc)

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15
Q

contributors to stereotypes and prejudice

A

1.) evolutionary perspective
2.) realistic conflict theory
3.) social identity theory

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16
Q

evolutionary theory

A

says there may be some adaptive value to stereotypes

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17
Q

realistic conflict theory

A

says that the amount of conflict between groups determines the amount of prejudice between groups

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18
Q

social identity theory

A

says that social cognitive factors contribute to the onset of prejudice (social categorization, social identity, social comparison)

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19
Q

attributions

A
  • how we explain others behaviour
  • inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior
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20
Q

2 types of attributions

A

1.) dispositonal (internal) = believe behaviour caused by the person’s inner traits
2.) situational (external) = believe behaviour caused by aspects of the situation

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21
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics (dispositional) and ignore situational factors in judging others’ behaviour.

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22
Q

actor observer effect

A

make situational attributions about our own behaviour and dispositional attributions about the behaviour of others

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23
Q

self serving bias

A

use dispositional attributions for successes and situational attributions for failures

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24
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behaviour or thinking to fit with a group standard

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25
Q

components of conformity

A
  • automatic mimicry
  • social norms
  • normative and informative social influence
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26
Q

automatic mimicry

A

unconscious and unintentional imitation of other people’s accents, speech patterns, gestures, moods, and emotions

27
Q

what did the Asch comformity study say?

A

1/3 of people will agree with obvious mistruths to go along with the group

28
Q

when is someone more likely to conform?

A
  • you’re not firmly committed to one set of belief/behaviour
  • the group is medium sized and unanimous
  • make you feel positive toward the group
  • the group tries to make you feel incompetent/insecure
  • your culture encourages respect for norms
29
Q

2 types of social influence

A

normative and informational social influence

30
Q

normative social influence

A

Going along with others in pursuit of social approval or belonging (and to avoid disapproval/rejection)

31
Q

informative social influence

A

Going along with others because their ideas and behaviour make sense, the evidence in our social environment changes our minds.

32
Q

obedience

A

adjustment of individual behaviours, attitudes and beliefs to the orders of an authority figure (could be good or could be bad)

33
Q

milgram study

A
  • 65% obeyed to highest level of shock
  • No gender differences
34
Q

what factors increase obedience?

A
  • remoteness of victim
  • closeness and legitimacy of authority figure
  • someone else doing dirty work
  • when all other participants obey and no one disobeys
  • personal characteristics not important (political orientation, occupation, religious beliefs, etc..)
35
Q

group dynamics

A

how membership or participation in a group influences our thoughts and behaviours

36
Q

additive task

A

productivity increases with group size

37
Q

conjunctive task

A

group is as productive as its weakest member

38
Q

disjunctive task

A

a single solution is required, the strongest group member is likely to provide the solution

39
Q

divisible task

A

simultaneous performance of several tasks

40
Q

social facilitation

A
  • the improvement in performance because others are present
  • operates for both physical and mental tasks
41
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone

42
Q

what causes social loafing?

A
  • individual performance is not being monitored
  • goal or task has little value/ meaning to person
  • task is simple and person’s effort is redundant
43
Q

what is social compensation in social loafing?

A
  • thee tendency to exert more effort when working in a group than when working alone
  • compensate for the lack of effort on the part of group members
44
Q

group polarization

A
  • when people of similar views form a group, discussion within the group makes their views more extreme
  • different groups become MORE different, more polarized, in their views
45
Q

groupthink

A

in pursuit of social harmony (and avoidance of open disagreement), groups will make decisions without an open exchange of ideas

46
Q

bystander effect

A

when people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone

47
Q

why does the bystander effect happen?

A
  • diffusion of responsibility
  • following what others are doing
  • rationalization about lack of help
48
Q

when are bystanders most likely to help?

A

The person we might help….
→ appears to be in need, deserving of assistance
→ is a woman, and/or is similar to us in some way
→ is in a small town or rural area

OR
At the time, we are….
→ feeling some guilt and/or just saw someone else trying to help
→ not in a hurry and/or preoccupied
→ in a good mood (strongest predictor of helping!)

49
Q

aggression

A
  • broad category of behaviours intended to harm others, including physical and verbal attacks
  • associated with high levels of testosterone and low levels of serotonin
50
Q

what are the gender differences in aggression?

A

Women = relational aggression = snubbing, gossiping and exclusion from groups
Men = direct aggression = erbal and physical abuse

51
Q

at what time of the year is aggression at its highest?

A

hot, summer months

52
Q

what causes initial attraction in social relationships?

A

→ Physical proximity (mere exposure effect)
→ Similarity
→ Reciprocity
→ Physical attractiveness (matching effect)

53
Q

what is considered physically attractive

A
  • standards differ from culture to culture
    → men seek apparent youth and fertility
    → women seek maturity, masculinity, affluence
    → both like facial symmetry and ‘averageness’
54
Q

what is sternbergs triangular theory of love?

A

Passion (infatuation), Intimacy (liking) and Commitment (empty love)….

55
Q

passionate love

A

A state of strong attraction, interest, and excitement that is felt so strongly that people are absorbed in each other

56
Q

compassionate love

A

Deep caring, affectionate, and strong attachment or commitment

57
Q

romantic love

A

1.) start with attraction, or friendship
2.) phase of passionate love
3) grows to compassionate love
4.) made closer by equity and self disclosure
5.) held together by positive interaction and support

58
Q

what happens when there’s warm, responsive parenting?

A

securely attached infant = secure adult attachment style
→ comfortable, do not fear becoming close or being abandoned; 53% of adults

59
Q

what happens when there’s cool, rejecting parenting?

A

= avoidant attached infant = avoidant adult attachment style
→ uncomfortable, have difficulty trusting others; 26% of adults

60
Q

what happens when there’s ambivalent, inconsistent parenting?

A

anxious-ambivalent attached infant = anxious-ambivalent adult attachment style
→ Insecure and worry that their partners do not really love them and will leave; 20% of adults

61
Q

what happens in orbitofrontal cortex?

A
  • social reasoning
  • reward evaluation
  • reading other people
  • eliciting emotional states
62
Q

what happens in ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

A
  • processing of rewards and punishments
  • interpreting non-verbal social information
  • making social and moral assessments and decisions
  • feeling empathy
63
Q

what happens in insula?

A

empathy and reading others

64
Q

what happens in the amygdala?

A
  • identify emotional facial expressions of other people
  • pay attention to stimuli that may be unpredictable, potentially rewarding, or potentially punishing

PS102 (9 decks)

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