Chapter 10 Flashcards
intelligence
the ability to learn and to meet the demands of the environment effectively
metacognition
- thinking about one’s thinking
- the awareness of one’s thought processes (mental processed) and patterns behind them
- involves knowing what you know, what you don’t know, and knowing what to do when you don’t know
what are the 3 keys to good intelligence tests?
1.) Reliability
2.) Validity
3.) Standardization
reliability
refers to consistency in measurement
3 types of reliability
1.) Test-Retest Reliability
2.) internal Consistency
3.) interjudge Reliability
test-retest reliability
Give same test to same group of people twice and correlate the scores
internal consistency
all of the items of the test should measure the same thing
interjudge reliability
consistency of measurement when different people score the same test
validity
refers to the accuracy of the measurement
3 types of validity
1.) construct validity
2.) content validity
3.) criterion-related validity
construct validity
Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure?
content validity
Do items on the test measure all relevant parts that comprises the construct?
criterion-related validity
how accurately does the test measures the outcome it was designed to measure?
standardization
refers to designing the test so that your score will tell you how you did relative to the population, if they had all taken the test under similar conditions
2 components of standardization
- environment = control for extraneous factors that could differ across testing situations
- norms = provides basis for interpreting your score
3 issues in studying intelligence
1.) is intelligence unitary or multifaceted?
2.) is it determined by genetic or environmental factors?
3.) is it important in predicting real-life factors?
what did Alfred Binet say about intelligence?
- developed the first standardized intelligence test
- mental Age = the age at which an individual is performing intellectually
what did Sir Francis Galton say about intelligence?
- agued mental ability is inherited
- theory of psychophysical performance
- tested sensory processing, motor skills and reaction time
what did Lewis Terman (1916) say about intelligene?
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
- used Binet’s MA to develop intelligence quotient (IQ) = (MA/CA) x 100
what did Spearman say about intelligence?
- used factor analysis to determine the structure of intelligence
- intelligence governed by: general intelligence (g-factor) and specific abilities (s-factors)
what did David Wechsler say about intelligence?
- created 3 subtests for intelligence (verbal and performance)
- recognized two problems with current tests:
1.) distinction between mental and chronological age becomes less informative with increasing age
2.) don’t want language barriers to cloud IQ scores
what 3 subtests did David Wechsler create?
1.) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
2.) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC
3.) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
what did Cattell and Horn say about intelligence?
broke down Spearman’s g-factor into 2 abilities:
1.) crystalized intelligence
2.) fluid intelligence
fluid intelligence
ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations without any previous knowledge
crystallized intelligence
ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current problems
what were Howard Gardner’s 9 intelligences?
- linguistic, mathematical, visual-spatial = tested on traditional intelligence tests
- musical, body-kinesthetic, personal, naturalistic, existentialist = not tested on traditional intelligence tests
what was Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
- there are three types of intelligence:
1.) practical (the ability to get along in different contexts)
2.) creative (the ability to come up with new ideas)
3.) analytical (the ability to evaluate information and solve problems)
what was Stephen Ceci’s bioecological model of intelligence?
- intelligence is a function of the interaction between innate potential, environment, and motivation
intellectual disability
- limits to a person’s ability to learn at an expected level and function in daily life.
- diagnosed based on IQ and adaptive testing
- IQ 2 or more SD below mean
- adaptive skills deficit (i.e making friends, following rules)
- origination before 18 years
4 levels of intellectual disability
1.) Mild = can be self supporting in nearly normal fashion
2.) Moderate - can be semi-independent
3.) Severe = can help contribute to self support under total supervision
4.) profound = requires total care
giftedness
possessing a great amount of natural ability, talent, or intelligence @ young age.
stereotypes of someone with giftedness
weak, socially inept, emotionally troubled BUT Terman (1925) largely contradicted stereotypes
influences on intelligence
- heredity
- environment
- sex differences
what are the sex differences for intelligence?
Females better on tests of:
- Perceptual speed
- Verbal fluency
- Mathematical calculation
- Fine motor coordination
Males better on tests of:
- Spatial tasks
- Throwing & catching object,
- Mathematical reasoning
electrophysiological study for intelligence
showed modest relation between IQ score and speed of processing
PET scans for intelligence
- lower levels of glucose in people of high intelligence
- brains working more efficiently?
neural plasticity in intelligent people
greater neural plasticity = greater IQ because forming new connections in the brain
emotional intelligence
Ability to..
- read others’ emotions accurately
- respond to others appropriately
- motivate oneself
- regulate and control one’s own emotional responses
what is the advantage to managing emotions?
- stronger emotional bonds
- greater success
- less depression
