Chapter 10

Question 1

intelligence

Answer 1

the ability to learn and to meet the demands of the environment effectively

Question 2

metacognition

Answer 2

• thinking about one’s thinking
• the awareness of one’s thought processes (mental processed) and patterns behind them
• involves knowing what you know, what you don’t know, and knowing what to do when you don’t know

Question 3

what are the 3 keys to good intelligence tests?

Answer 3

1.) Reliability
2.) Validity
3.) Standardization

Question 4

reliability

Answer 4

refers to consistency in measurement

Question 5

3 types of reliability

Answer 5

1.) Test-Retest Reliability
2.) internal Consistency
3.) interjudge Reliability

Question 6

test-retest reliability

Answer 6

Give same test to same group of people twice and correlate the scores

Question 7

internal consistency

Answer 7

all of the items of the test should measure the same thing

Question 8

interjudge reliability

Answer 8

consistency of measurement when different people score the same test

Question 9

validity

Answer 9

refers to the accuracy of the measurement

Question 10

3 types of validity

Answer 10

1.) construct validity
2.) content validity
3.) criterion-related validity

Question 11

construct validity

Answer 11

Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure?

Question 12

content validity

Answer 12

Do items on the test measure all relevant parts that comprises the construct?

Question 13

criterion-related validity

Answer 13

how accurately does the test measures the outcome it was designed to measure?

Question 14

standardization

Answer 14

refers to designing the test so that your score will tell you how you did relative to the population, if they had all taken the test under similar conditions

Question 15

2 components of standardization

Answer 15

• environment = control for extraneous factors that could differ across testing situations
• norms = provides basis for interpreting your score

Question 16

3 issues in studying intelligence

Answer 16

1.) is intelligence unitary or multifaceted?
2.) is it determined by genetic or environmental factors?
3.) is it important in predicting real-life factors?

Question 17

what did Alfred Binet say about intelligence?

Answer 17

• developed the first standardized intelligence test
• mental Age = the age at which an individual is performing intellectually

Question 18

what did Sir Francis Galton say about intelligence?

Answer 18

• agued mental ability is inherited
• theory of psychophysical performance
• tested sensory processing, motor skills and reaction time

Question 19

what did Lewis Terman (1916) say about intelligene?

Answer 19

• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
• used Binet’s MA to develop intelligence quotient (IQ) = (MA/CA) x 100

Question 20

what did Spearman say about intelligence?

Answer 20

• used factor analysis to determine the structure of intelligence
• intelligence governed by: general intelligence (g-factor) and specific abilities (s-factors)

Question 21

what did David Wechsler say about intelligence?

Answer 21

• created 3 subtests for intelligence (verbal and performance)
• recognized two problems with current tests:
  1.) distinction between mental and chronological age becomes less informative with increasing age
  2.) don’t want language barriers to cloud IQ scores

Question 22

what 3 subtests did David Wechsler create?

Answer 22

1.) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
2.) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC
3.) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

Question 23

what did Cattell and Horn say about intelligence?

Answer 23

broke down Spearman’s g-factor into 2 abilities:
1.) crystalized intelligence
2.) fluid intelligence

Question 24

fluid intelligence

Answer 24

ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations without any previous knowledge

Question 25

crystallized intelligence

Answer 25

ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current problems

Question 26

what were Howard Gardner’s 9 intelligences?

Answer 26

• linguistic, mathematical, visual-spatial = tested on traditional intelligence tests
• musical, body-kinesthetic, personal, naturalistic, existentialist = not tested on traditional intelligence tests

Question 27

what was Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

Answer 27

• there are three types of intelligence:
  1.) practical (the ability to get along in different contexts)
  2.) creative (the ability to come up with new ideas)
  3.) analytical (the ability to evaluate information and solve problems)

Question 28

what was Stephen Ceci’s bioecological model of intelligence?

Answer 28

• intelligence is a function of the interaction between innate potential, environment, and motivation

Question 29

intellectual disability

Answer 29

• limits to a person’s ability to learn at an expected level and function in daily life.
• diagnosed based on IQ and adaptive testing
• IQ 2 or more SD below mean
• adaptive skills deficit (i.e making friends, following rules)
• origination before 18 years

Question 30

4 levels of intellectual disability

Answer 30

1.) Mild = can be self supporting in nearly normal fashion
2.) Moderate - can be semi-independent
3.) Severe = can help contribute to self support under total supervision
4.) profound = requires total care

Question 31

giftedness

Answer 31

possessing a great amount of natural ability, talent, or intelligence @ young age.

Question 32

stereotypes of someone with giftedness

Answer 32

weak, socially inept, emotionally troubled BUT Terman (1925) largely contradicted stereotypes

Question 33

influences on intelligence

Answer 33

• heredity
• environment
• sex differences

Question 34

what are the sex differences for intelligence?

Answer 34

Females better on tests of:
- Perceptual speed
- Verbal fluency
- Mathematical calculation
- Fine motor coordination

Males better on tests of:
- Spatial tasks
- Throwing & catching object,
- Mathematical reasoning

Question 35

electrophysiological study for intelligence

Answer 35

showed modest relation between IQ score and speed of processing

Question 36

PET scans for intelligence

Answer 36

• lower levels of glucose in people of high intelligence
• brains working more efficiently?

Question 37

neural plasticity in intelligent people

Answer 37

greater neural plasticity = greater IQ because forming new connections in the brain

Question 38

emotional intelligence

Answer 38

Ability to..
- read others’ emotions accurately
- respond to others appropriately
- motivate oneself
- regulate and control one’s own emotional responses

Question 39

what is the advantage to managing emotions?

Answer 39

• stronger emotional bonds
• greater success
• less depression