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Human Pathophysiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cell growth

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2
Q

probabilities of developing cancer

A

50% in women
33% in men

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3
Q

most prevalent type of cancer

A

males= prostate
females= breast

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4
Q

most prevalent death rates for certain cancer

A

lung cancer for both male and female

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5
Q

what is the cancer incidence trend

A

downwards

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6
Q

are poor countries at higher or lower risk for cancer deaths

A

higher

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7
Q

are blacks at higher or lower risk for cancer deaths

A

higher

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8
Q

neoplasm

A

new uncontrolled cell growth
unsure if benign or malignant

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9
Q

tumor

A

non-specific term meaning lump or swelling
hypertrophy of cells

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10
Q

metastasis

A

discontinuous spread of malignant neoplasm to distant sites

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11
Q

how does cancer metastasize

A

through blood or lymphatics

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12
Q

malignant

A

capable of metastasis

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13
Q

cancer

A

any malignant neoplasm or tumor

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14
Q

how are metaplasia and neoplasia similar

A

both are increased cell proliferation

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15
Q

how are metaplasia and neoplasia different

A

neoplasia does not have a stimulus for cell proliferation

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16
Q

how can you tell the difference of different masses

A

biopsy and fine needle aspiration

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17
Q

hyperplasia treatment

A

remove stimulus
may need to remove hyperplastic tissue if it interrupts other tissues

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18
Q

what are the factors of neoplasm treatment

A

depends on benign or malignant and site

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19
Q

malignant neoplasm treatment

A

curative therapy (chemotherapy, radiation, surgery)
palliative therapy

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20
Q

how are neoplasms distinguished

A

benign vs malignant
how they differentiate

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21
Q

benign neoplasm

A

grows slowly, does NOT metastasize
well differentiated
looks like normal cell

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22
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

grows rapidly, can metastasize
less differentiated

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23
Q

-oma

A

naming of neoplasms
does NOT distinguish between benign or malignant

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24
Q

hematoma

A

big bruise

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25
Q

carcinoma

A

malignancy of epithelial cells

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26
Q

sarcoma

A

malignancy of connective tissue

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27
Q

what is the most common form of cancer w/age

A

carcinoma

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28
Q

melanoma

A

cancer of melanocytes

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29
Q

lymphoma

A

cancer of lymphoid tissue (lymphocytes)

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30
Q

what causes cancer

A

loss of genomic integrity

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31
Q

what leads to a loss of genomic integrity

A

damaged DNA from mutations

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32
Q

what cells are involved in loss of genomic integrity

A

germline cells (can be passed on)
somatic cells (can NOT be passed on)

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33
Q

how are mutations acquired

A

carcinogens, inherited, spontaneous

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34
Q

carcinogens

A

environmental factors

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35
Q

inherited mutations

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

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36
Q

type of environmental carcinogens

A

ionizing radiation, virus (Hepatitis, HPV), UV rays, dietary (alcohol, smoked meats), chronic inflammation

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37
Q

hallmarks of cancer

A
  1. self sufficiency in growth signals
  2. insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
  3. evasion of apoptosis
  4. limitless replicative capacity
  5. sustained angiogenesis
  6. tissue invasion and metastasis
  7. evade immune surveillance
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38
Q

what drives changes of cancer hallmarks

A

gene mutations

39
Q

gene mutations

A

oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes

40
Q

proto-oncogene

A

involved in cell growth and division
NORMAL CELLS

41
Q

oncogene

A

proto-oncogene that was activated by mutations

42
Q

examples of oncogenes

A

HER2, RAS

43
Q

HER2 gene

A

encodes growth factor receptor

44
Q

RAS gene

A

relays signals from cell surface

45
Q

when is RAS active

A

GTP bound

46
Q

when is RAS inactive

A

GDP bound

47
Q

what does mutating do to RAS gene

A

leaves RAS permanently on

48
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

stop cell cycle

49
Q

p53

A

guardian of genome
regulates transcription of genes

50
Q

when are p53 levels high vs low

A

high in damaged cells
low in healthy cells

51
Q

is cancer resistant to apoptosis

A

yes

52
Q

why is cancer resistant to apoptosis

A

inactivate pro-apoptotic proteins
activate anti-apoptotic proteins
upregulate telomerase

53
Q

DNA repair genes

A

correct errors from DNA replication

54
Q

chromosomal instability

A

chromosome arrangement is altered
imbalance of chromosomes
increases inflammation

55
Q

is inflammation a hallmark of cancer

A

yes

56
Q

immune system in tumorigenesis

A

immune system protects host against tumor growth while promoting it by releasing reactive oxygen species

57
Q

what are hits

A

mutations

58
Q

multiple hits =?

A

multiple mutations

59
Q

when do malignancies develop

A

through premalignancy

60
Q

dysplasia

A

premalignant state but does not always progress to malignancy
tissue is atypical, usually epithelial

61
Q

carcinoma in situ (CIS)

A

cancer in place (does NOT move)
not invasive
can cure by removing all of tumor

62
Q

invasion

A

release of proteases

63
Q

how does neoplastic growth start

A

monoclonal

64
Q

monoclonal

A

all the same type of cell

65
Q

how does neoplastic growth end

A

tumor cell heterogeneity

66
Q

heterogeneity

A

cells will have different mutations

67
Q

tumor growth fraction

A

ratio of proliferating cells to total cells

68
Q

malignant neoplasms invasion

A

must secrete proteases to digest and break down collagen

69
Q

malignant neoplasms metastasis

A

seeding, spread to another organ
moves via blood vessels and lymphatics

70
Q

seeding

A

spreading to another organ

71
Q

angiogenic growth factors

A

needs glycolysis to spread

72
Q

paraneoplastic tumor

A

cancer cells mediated by humoral factors released into blood
non-metastatic manifestations of malignancies

73
Q

examples of paraneoplastic tumors

A

hormones (cushing syndrom)
cross-reacting antibodies (reacting to self)

74
Q

where are paraneoplastic tumors common

A

lung, breast, ovaries, lymphatics

75
Q

immune surveillance

A

immune system surveys host cells to identify abnormalities

76
Q

what cells are involved in immune surveillance

A

natural killer cells
cytotoxic T cells

77
Q

why are immunodeficient patients more at risk for cancer

A

loss of t cell ability

78
Q

cytology

A

looking at cells

79
Q

ways to obtain cells

A

biopsy, resection, fine needle aspiration

80
Q

grading

A

microscopic assessment
how abnormal do de-differentiated cells look

81
Q

staging

A

behavioral assessment
size & extent of metastasis
how big/aggressive tumor is

82
Q

can cancer cells differentiate to greater or lesser degree

A

yes

83
Q

well-differentiated neoplasms

A

grow slowly, benign or malignant, slow to invade and metastasize

84
Q

poorly-differentiated neoplasms

A

grows rapidly, malignant, high number mitotic figures (how many cells are going through mitosis), aggressive invaders and metastasize early

85
Q

anaplastic

A

looks different than what it should

86
Q

tumor grading

A

TMN

87
Q

stage 0

A

CIS

88
Q

stage I

A

cancer is not spread into surrounding tissues
larger than stage 0

89
Q

stage II

A

may extend to nearby tissues

90
Q

stage III

A

spreads to nearby lymph nodes, but not other parts of body

91
Q

stage IV

A

spreads to distant tissues and organs
most diagnoses, hard to treat

92
Q

tumor markers

A

substances appear in blood, not used for early cancer detection

93
Q

what are tumor markers useful for

A

confirmation of diagnosis
monitor therapy

94
Q

examples of tumor markers

A

prostate specific antigen (PSA)
breast cancer-CA-15-3

Human Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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