Chapter 2

Question 1

what are the different types of stem cells?

Answer 1

embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells
embryonic cells are pluripotent
totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent

Question 2

labile cells

Answer 2

rapid cell division
ie. epithelial cells, bone marrow, stem cells

Question 3

stable cells

Answer 3

can regenerate but stay in G0 phase
ie. kidney, liver cells, lymphocytes

Question 4

permanent cells

Answer 4

do not regenerate
ie. neurons, skeletal cells, cardiac cells

Question 5

mechanisms of cell injury

Answer 5

molecular, cellular, tissue injury causes disease
cells are either reversible or irreversible

Question 6

how does aging lead to cell injury?

Answer 6

decline in proliferative and reparative capacity of the cells (telomeres)
exposure too environmental factors causing accumulation of cellular and molecular damage
REPLICATIVE SENESCENCE

Question 7

changes to telomeres w age?

Answer 7

shortening of telomeres, DNA replication errors

Question 8

reversible vs irreversible injury

Answer 8

reversible injury is mild and cells can regenerate; produces HYDROPIC change (swelling of cell) and steatosis (accumulation of lipids) while irreversible injury occurs when the damage is severe and cells die

Question 9

adaptations of cell to injury

Answer 9

hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia

Question 10

apoptosis

Answer 10

programmed cell death
involves activation of caspases (degrading proteins)

Question 11

necrosis

Answer 11

random cell death, cells swell and rupture
liquefactive, coagulation, fat, caseous
GANGRENE: large mass of tissue undergoes necrosis