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Human Pathophysiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

microflora

A

microorganisms normally living in or on body

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2
Q

are microflora useful

A

some are, particularly bacteria (some give vitamins)
many microflora give no effect

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3
Q

pathogens

A

cause disease

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4
Q

are microflora capable of causing disease

A

yes if health and immune system are weakened
opportunistic pathogens

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5
Q

pathogen background

A

-vary in where they live and replicate
-how they damage host cells
-ability to persist outside body

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6
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause damage and disease in host

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7
Q

why are some pathogens more virulent than others

A

secrete toxins, adhesion factors, evasive factors, host factors

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8
Q

endotoxins

A

component of bacteria’s cell wall; must consume bacteria in order to have effect on body

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9
Q

exotoxins

A

bacteria secretes exotoxins that damage host outside of the cell

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10
Q

adhesion factors

A

help infective organism colonize

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11
Q

evasive factors

A

help keep immune system from killing infective agent

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12
Q

host factors

A

genetics
malnutrition
age

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13
Q

does immune system increase or decrease w/age

A

decrease

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14
Q

contagion

A

how easily spread from one organism to another is the infection

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15
Q

modes of transmission

A

direct contact, congestion, indirect contact (fomites), droplets, vectors

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16
Q

indirect contact

A

sneeze into hand, touch door, another person touches door after

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17
Q

fomite

A

inanimate object that holds bacteria for certain amount of time

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18
Q

direct contact

A

bodily fluids

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19
Q

droplets

A

airborne

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20
Q

vectors

A

anything that bites

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21
Q

agents of infectious diseases

A

prions, virus, bacteria, fungus, parasites

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22
Q

prions

A

small infectious misfolded proteins (prions can spread)

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23
Q

what do prions affect

A

primarily the nervous system

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24
Q

transmission of prions

A

genetics/consuming infected tissue

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25
Q

genetic prion disease

A

creutzfeldt jakob disease
30-40yrs

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26
Q

consuming prion disease

A

mad cow disease
eating brain tissue

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27
Q

are prions digested

A

no

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28
Q

virus

A

protein coat surrounding nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)

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29
Q

do viruses have their own metabolic enzymes

A

no

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30
Q

how do viruses attack host

A

insert genome into host’s DNA and uses that cell’s metabolic machinery to make new viruses

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31
Q

viral-induced cell injury

A

alters cell physiology (ion movement and messengers)
inhibits synthesis of host cell macromolecules
genotoxic
inflammation
alters cell’s antigenic properties

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32
Q

genotoxic cell injury

A

toxic to genome
alters host cell and becomes cancerous

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33
Q

antigenic properties

A

MHC I proteins on cell, cytoplasm not present to cytotoxic T cells
virus changes cell proteins

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34
Q

types of viral infections

A

acute or latent

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35
Q

acute viral infections

A

body eliminates (transient)

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36
Q

examples of acute viral infections

A

rhinovirus, norovirus, measles, influenza

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37
Q

latent viral infections

A

causes persistent infections (virus stays and hangs out)

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38
Q

example of latent viral infections

A

HIV

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39
Q

how do antiviral agents kill viruses

A

they inhibit some stage of viral replication cycle w/o toxicity to cell

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40
Q

examples of anti-viral agents

A

blocking viral RNA or DNA synthesis (acyclovir blocking HSV)
blocking viral binding to cells (entry inhibitors)
blocking production of protein coats of new viruses (protease inhibitors for HIV)

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41
Q

bacteria

A

prokaryotes that can live independently and use infected organism for food and shelter

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42
Q

are bacterial infections acute or latent

A

acute

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43
Q

what are bacterial infections based on

A

shape and gram stain

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44
Q

shape of bacteria

A

bacilli, cocci, spirochetes

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45
Q

gram stains

A

gram positive or negative

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46
Q

gram positive

A

found on skin, takes up stain
staphylococci and streptococci

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47
Q

gram negative

A

does not take up stain
causes intestinal and respiratory infections
HB pylori, ecoli, salmonella
mycobacterium
chronic infections

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48
Q

sepsis

A

blood-borne bacterial infection
gram negative bacteria

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49
Q

what kind of inflammation is sepsis

A

whole body

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50
Q

what does sepsis lead to

A

septic shock

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51
Q

septic shock

A

high mortality (40-50%)
secondary infection and organs shut down

52
Q

antibiotics

A

kill bacteria by targeting cell wall, protein, and nucleic acid synthesis, bacterial metabolism

53
Q

how do bacteria fight antibiotics

A

inactivating antibiotics, changing binding sites, using different metabolic pathways, and changing walls to keep antibiotics out

54
Q

can antibiotics treat viral infections

A

no

55
Q

fungi

A

requires cooler temp than human core body temp so most infections are on surface of body (toes, scrotum, scalp)

56
Q

examples of fungal infections

A

cadidiasis (yeast), thrush, tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

57
Q

examples of vector borne infections

A

malaria (mosquitos), rocky mountain spotted fever (ticks, lice, chiggers), lyme disease (deer ticks), plague (rodent fleas)

58
Q

what is an emerging disease

A

infections that were previously unknown or undetected that have recently appeared

59
Q

examples of emerging diseases

A

SARS, Zika, swine flu

60
Q

why do most emerging diseases come from china

A

highly populated (transmission is easy)
daily wildlife trade (transfer from animals to humans)
zoonoses

61
Q

zoonoses

A

microbe jumps from one species to another

62
Q

coronavirus

A

novel - haven’t been exposed before
origin - China, bats
large group of viruses causing disease in humans

63
Q

naming of coronavirus

A

SARS CoV2 (actual virus)
COVID19 (illness)

64
Q

how does SARS CoV2 enter body

A

via ACE2 receptors in lung (associated w/respiratory symptoms)

65
Q

what does infection cause

A

injury

66
Q

what is the response to infection

A

inflammation

67
Q

natural course of infection

A

inoculation, incubation, prodromal, illness, convalescence, recovery

68
Q

inoculation

A

first exposure

69
Q

incubation

A

infection multiplies

70
Q

prodromal

A

nonspecific bodily changes
malaise

71
Q

illness

A

typical symptoms of disease

72
Q

convalescence

A

symptoms fade
immune system fights illness

73
Q

recovery

A

back to normal

74
Q

tuberculosis

A

caused by mycobacterium living inside host cell, macrophages
VERY CONTAGIOUS

75
Q

what organs/tissues does TB typically affect

A

lungs, but can affect any part

76
Q

transmission of TB

A

airborne droplets

77
Q

common symptoms of TB

A

cough (2-3+weeks)
coughing up blood
chest pains
fever
night sweats
feeling weak or tired
weight loss
decreased/no appetite

78
Q

tuberculosis incidence

A

highest incidence in Southeast Asia and Africa
developing countries due to poor sanitation, crowded living conditions

79
Q

course of tuberculosis

A

immune system forms tubercules (granulomas)

80
Q

granulomas

A

macrophages that are infected

81
Q

what type of necrosis is tuberculosis

A

caseous

82
Q

diagnosis of TB

A

symptoms, medical history, TB test, blood test, chest xray, diagnostic microbiology (sputum smear)

83
Q

TB exposure

A

majority of people don’t develop TB after first exposure

84
Q

latent TB

A

you don’t know you have it, but can be activated

85
Q

why does latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) become active

A

predisposing factors (HIV, other illnesses, weak immune system, stress, being homeless)

86
Q

latent TB treatment

A

long term
isoniazid for 6-12 months

87
Q

infectious TB treatment

A

treated in phases w/various drugs
must be isolated until non-infectious
long term

88
Q

STI

A

general term for any disease that can be spread by intimate and/or sexual contact

89
Q

common signs/symptoms of STI

A

hematuria, urinary frequency, incontinence, purulent discharge, burning, itching, pelvic/genital pain, skin ulcerations, fever, malaise

90
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

91
Q

incontinence

A

leaking out urine

92
Q

purulent discharge

A

pus-like discharge

93
Q

types of STIs

A

bacterial, viral, protozoal, parasitic, fungal

94
Q

gonorrhea

A

bacterial infection (neisseria gonorrhoeae)

95
Q

transmission of gonorrhea

A

contact of epithelial surfaces

96
Q

symptoms of gonorrhea

A

pain, discharge, asymptomatic

97
Q

gonorrhea treatment

A

antibiotics

98
Q

syphilis

A

bacterial infection (treponema pallidum)
systemic disease
more deadly

99
Q

congenital syphilis

A

maternal-fetal transmission
deadly for baby

100
Q

stages of syphilis

A

primary, secondary, latent, tertiary

101
Q

primary syphilis

A

chancre, painless
resolves spontaneously
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS

102
Q

chancre

A

bump on genitals, not painful or itchy

103
Q

secondary syphilis

A

bacteria has got into blood and traveled to other tissues
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS

104
Q

latent syphilis

A

medical evidence that syphilis is there but patient is asymptomatic

105
Q

tertiary syphilis

A

can emerge 5-20yrs after latency
most severe stage
gummas
neurosyphilis
destructive systemic manifestation

106
Q

gummas

A

destruction of skin, bone, and soft tissue lesions

107
Q

treatment for syphilis

A

antibiotics

108
Q

chlamydia

A

bacterial infection (chlamydia trachomatis)
intracellular bacterium
HIGHLY PREVALENT

109
Q

symptoms of chlamydia

A

urinary frequency, abdominal pelvic discomfort, discharge, burning and itching, swollen scrotum

110
Q

chlamydia prognosis

A

good w/early treatment

111
Q

what if chlamydia is left untreated

A

pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, sterility, epididymitis

112
Q

genital herpes

A

VIRUS and HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
once you have it you can’t get rid of it

113
Q

stages of genital herpes

A

active w/skin lesions
latent w/o symptoms but still contagious

114
Q

types of genital herpes

A

herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2)

115
Q

are most cases HSV1 or HSV2

A

HSV2

116
Q

genital herpes transmission

A

through contact w/person shedding virus

117
Q

symptoms of genital herpes

A

multiple shallow ulcerations, pustules on genitals, mouth, anus
vesicles rupturing causing pain and itching

118
Q

genital herpes treatment

A

managed but not cured
anti-viral medications

119
Q

human papillomavirus (HPV)

A

most common
easily spread
120 types

120
Q

HPV genital warts

A

found on genitals, very contagious
may go away w/o treatment

121
Q

transmission of HPV

A

intimate sexual contact, mother-fetal transfer

122
Q

what is incubation of HPV

A

1-6 months

123
Q

what is HPV a risk factor for

A

cervical cancer
throat/oral cancers

124
Q

HPV prevention

A

vaccine

125
Q

how to prevent STI

A

vaccines, safe sex

Human Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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