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Human Pathophysiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

is respiratory disease incidence rate increasing or decreasing

A

increasing secondary to pollution

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2
Q

what is the leading cause of cancer related deaths

A

lung cancer

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3
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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4
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea
primary bronchi
lungs

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5
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air through inhalation and exhalation

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6
Q

what drives ventilation

A

differences in pressure gradients

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7
Q

types of alveoli

A

type I and II
macrophages

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8
Q

type I cells

A

cell walls

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9
Q

type II cells

A

produce surfactant

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10
Q

macrophages

A

stay put

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11
Q

muscocilary escalator

A

keeps airway clear

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12
Q

what must be required for gas exchange

A

air moves freely
open alveoli
sufficient pulmonary membrane
thin interstitium

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13
Q

pneumothorax

A

loss of intrapleural pressure
lungs collapse

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14
Q

what 2 vascular systems serve the lungs

A

pulmonary (alveoli only)
bronchial (trachea and brochi)

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15
Q

true or false: are the lungs in direct contact with the environment

A

true

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16
Q

what are the lungs exposed to within the environment

A

micro-organisms

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17
Q

immune defenses of the lungs

A

cilia
MALT
IgA
macrophages

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18
Q

what tests lung disorders

A

spirometry

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19
Q

restrictive lung diseases

A

characterized by low lung volumes
hard to take breath
ratio is normal

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20
Q

obstructive lung diseases

A

prevents outflow of air
hard to breathe out
low ratio

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21
Q

USA leading cause of death

A

chronic lower respiratory disease

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22
Q

world leading cause of death

A

COPD

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23
Q

signs and symptoms of lung disorder

A

dyspnea
apnea
orthopnea
tachypnea
cough (sputum, hemoptysis)
cyanosis

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24
Q

why does orthopnea occur

A

more blood in lungs results in left sided heart failure because blood backs up into pulmonary circuit

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25
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

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26
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of lung
pneumothorax

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27
Q

brochiectasis

A

dilation of bronchus
permanent and abnormal

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28
Q

consolidation

A

filling of air spaces by anything other than air
fluid, mucus, bacteria

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29
Q

atelectasis

A

lack of stretch
inability to expand
collapse of lungs

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30
Q

types of atelectasis

A

obstruction
compression
contraction

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31
Q

obstruction atelectasis

A

obstruction of conducting airways by foreign bodies, mucus plugs
mucus is so thick
reversible

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32
Q

compression atelectasis

A

compression of lung by liquid, solid, or gas within pleural space
can result in sudden death
reversible

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33
Q

contraction atelectasis

A

fibrosis of lung preventing expansion
tuberculosis
lung tissue is replaced by scar tissue
irreversible

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34
Q

bronchiectasis

A

UNCOMMON
permanent dilation of bronchi SECONDARY to underlying disorder (recurrent bacterial infection)

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35
Q

what is bronchiectasis associated with

A

cystic fibrosis
bronchial obstruction
chronic infection
immunodeficiency

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36
Q

symptoms of brochiectasis

A

severe cough
foul smelling bloody expectorant
dyspnea
active cases are febrile

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37
Q

complications of bronchiectasis

A

pneumonia
sepsis
lung abcess

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38
Q

respiratory distress syndrome of newborn

A

progressive distress soon after birth, inadequate surfactant in lungs

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39
Q

what form of lung disease is respiratory distress syndrome of newborn

A

atelectasis, due to difficulty breathing

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40
Q

at risk groups of respiratory distress syndrome of newborn

A

premie babies
maternal diabetes

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41
Q

treatment for respiratory distress syndrome of newborn

A

administer surfactant and oxygen

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42
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

genetic autosomal recessive disease of mutation in chloride channel

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43
Q

is cystic fibrosis autosomal recessive or dominant

A

recessive

44
Q

how old do people live with cystic fibrosis

A

30yrs

45
Q

what is cystic fibrosis…pathologically

A

passageways are clogged with thick mucus
bronchiectasis
hemoptysis
atelectasis

46
Q

cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

A

dilation of airways due to weakening of walls

47
Q

what is cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis associated with

A

repeated chronic infections
decreases ability for mucus to move
distended bronchioles retain more mucus secretions
creates environment for bacterial growth

48
Q

cystic fibrosis treatment

A

medical manuevers to improve mucus clearance
immunizations
bronchodilators
antibiotics

49
Q

are men or women more effected by cystic fibrosis

A

both are equally effected

50
Q

agents of upper respiratory tract infections

A

virus (more common, less complications)
bacteria (more complications)

51
Q

common URIs

A

rhinitis
sinusitis
pharyngitis
laryngitis

52
Q

infectious rhinitis

A

virus
inflammation of nose
leads to secondary bacterial infections

53
Q

allergic rhinitis

A

type I hypersensitivity

54
Q

sinusitis

A

impaired drainage of sinus fluid

55
Q

pharyngitis/tonsilitis

A

sore throat
virus

56
Q

laryngitis

A

lose voice

57
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

inflammation of pulmonary capillaries or alveoli
caused by diffuse damage
increases pulmonary edema
impairs gas exchange..hypoxia

58
Q

is ARDS primary or secondary

A

secondary to…
sepsis
pulmonary infections
gastric aspiration
near drowning
heroin overdose

59
Q

what is the end result of ARDS

A

organ failure

60
Q

pathogenesis of ARDS

A

increase in inflammation
activates alveolar macrophages and neutrophil migration
increases edema (interstitial and alveolar)

61
Q

outcomes of ARDS

A

most patients present w/predisposing condition and then develop ARDS
develops in hospital

62
Q

long term complications of ARDS

A

scarring that replaces lung tissue
contraction atelectasis
IRREVERSIBLE

63
Q

mortality rate of ARDS

A

high, 60%

64
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of alveoli

65
Q

what age is pneumonia the leading cause of death in

A

elderly and children

66
Q

what causes pneumonia

A

virus (dry cough)
bacteria
fungi
mycoplasma

67
Q

how to diagnose pneumonia

A

chest xray or auscultation (crackles in lung sounds)

68
Q

predisposing factors of pneumonia

A

any condition w/poor lung ventilation and retention of bronchial secretions

69
Q

post-op pneumonia

A

accumulation of mucus secretions in bronchi

70
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

foreign body, food, vomit

71
Q

clinical features of pneumonia

A

fever (103-104º)
cough
purulent sputum
pain w/respiration
dyspnea

72
Q

examples of obstructive diseases

A

emphysema
bronchitis
bronchiectasis
asthma

73
Q

examples of restrictive diseases

A

neuromuscular (ALS)
kyphosis
obesity
fibrosis
amyloidosis

74
Q

types of COPD

A

emphysema
bronchitis

75
Q

does COPD have decreasing or increasing prevalence

A

increasing due to increase in pollution

76
Q

what percent of COPD cases are smokers

A

90%

77
Q

is COPD reversible or irreversible

A

irreversible and progressive

78
Q

main cause of COPD

A

smoking

79
Q

are men or women more affected with COPD

A

men

80
Q

is COPD age associated

A

yes

81
Q

COPD symptoms

A

lots of mucus
coughing in morning
dyspnea
chest tightness
barrel chest

82
Q

complications of COPD

A

respiratory failure
arrhythmia
right sided heart failure..cor pulmonale
pneumonia or other infections
death (acidosis)

83
Q

cor pulmonale

A

alteration of right side of heart secondary to changes in lungs
enlargement of RVent
SECONDARY to pulmonary HTN

84
Q

emphysema

A

destruction of elastic tissue
alveoli and pulmonary capillary bed
abnormal, permanent enlargement
air trapping

85
Q

pathogenesis of emphysema

A

increase in inflammatory cells
leads to imbalance of anti-inflammation/pro-inflammation
neutrophils
alpha-1 antitrypsin

86
Q

alpha-1 antitrypsin

A

neutralizes digestive enzymes (neutrophils)
made by liver
tobacco inhibits production

87
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

inflammation of medium sized bronchioles
combined w/other obstructive diseases

88
Q

symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

persistent cough for ~3mo/yr in 2 consecutive years

89
Q

long term complications of bronchitis

A

COPD
cor pulmonale
metaplasia of bronchiole epithelium=CANCER

90
Q

what initiates bronchitis

A

inhalation of irritant, irritant leads to mucus production and glandular hypertrophy, pulmonary capillary bed is undamaged

91
Q

asthma

A

inflammation of bronchioles

92
Q

is asthma COPD

A

no, because it is reversible

93
Q

what causes asthma

A

episodic bronchospasm

94
Q

is asthma incidence rate decreasing or increasing

A

increasing

95
Q

types of asthma

A

atopic (allergies)
non-atopic (strenuous exercise, drug reaction, air pollution)
occupational

96
Q

atopic asthma

A

type I hypersensitivity

97
Q

cascade of atopic asthma

A

mast cells release eosinophils causing acute response in 10-20 minutes
airway inflammation is late phase response after 4-8hrs

98
Q

treatment for asthma

A

avoidance of trigger
bronchodilators (beta adrenergic agonists…ALBUTEROL)
NSAIDS (steroids, cortisol)
decrease release of leukotrienes from mast cells

99
Q

sleep apnea

A

pause of breathing while sleeping

100
Q

are men or women affected more by sleep apnea

A

men

101
Q

risk factors

A

obesity…obstructive

102
Q

signs/symptoms of sleep apnea

A

loud snoring
daytime fatigue

103
Q

what can sleep apnea lead to if untreated

A

hypertension
accidents
heart failure

104
Q

treatment of sleep apnea

A

CPAP that keeps airways open

105
Q

valvular lung

A

Human Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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