chapter 5 Flashcards
How many bones are in the hand?
27
what are the bones of the digits called?
Phalanges
what are the bones of the palm called?
metacarpals
what are the bones of the wrist called?
carpals
the lateral side of the hand is the ____ side
thumb
the first digit of the hand is the
thumb
the second digit is the
index finger
the third digit is the
middle finger
the forth digit is the
ring finger
the fifth digit is the
pinky or small finger
How many phalanges are in the digits?
14
what type of bones are the phalanges?
long
how many phalanges are in the first digit?
2
all digits except the thumb have ___ phalanges.
3
what are the 3 phalanges in the 2nd-5th digits called from top to bottom?
distal
middle
proximal
the distal phalanges are small and flat and have a ________ like appearance.
spatula
each phalanx has a _____, ______, and ______.
head
body
base
there are ___ metacarpals in the hand.
5
what type of bones are metacarpals?
long
the metacarpals have 2 ends called the
head (distal)
base (proximal)
where do fractures normally occur in the metacarpals?
neck (area between the head and base)
the first metacarpal has 2 small ______ bones on its palmar aspect below the neck.
sesamoid
the metacarpals head is commonly know as the
knuckles
How many carpal bones are there?
8
the carpal bones are arranged in 2 _______ rows
horizontal
what type of bones are the carpals?
short
the carpals are composed largely of _______ tissue with an outer layer of ________ bony tissue.
Cancellous
compact
the proximal row of carpals (nearest the forearm) contains the
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
the distal row of carpals contains the
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
the ____ is the largest bone in the proximal carpal row and is ____ near the base of the thumb.
scaphoid
palpable
the ____ articulates with the radius proximally and has a crescent shape.
Lunate
the _____ is approximately pyramidal and articulates anteriorly with the hamate.
triquetrum
the ______ is pea-shaped and situated anterior to the triquetrum.
pisiform
The ________ joints are synovial and are hinge joints which permit only flexion and extension
interphalangeal
The __________ articulations are synovial ellipsoidal joints and have the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumlocution
metacarpophalangeal (MCP)
The MCP of the thumb is limited to _______ and _______.
abduction and adduction.
The first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is ________. Permits the thumb to oppose the fingers and touch tips.
saddle joint
The ________ articulations are gliding synovial joints.
intercarpal
The triangular depression on the posterior lateral surface of the wrist is a depression known as the anatomic _______.
snuffbox
what is the most common bone in the carpal to be fractured?
scaphoid
The ____ is located on the lateral side of the forearm.
Radius
The ____ is located on the medial side of the forearm.
Ulna
the two processes of the upper part of the Ulna are
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
A depression called the _________ is located on the lateral aspect of the coronoid process.
Radial notch
the distal end of the ulna includes a rounded process on its lateral side called the
Ulnar styloid process
the conic projection on the distal end on the lateral surface of the radius is called
radial styloid process.
The arm has one bone called the
humerus
the entire distal end of the humerus is called
humeral condyle
the site for many fractures in the humerus is the
surgical neck
the _____ fat pad covers the largest are and lies within the olecranon fossa of the posterior humerus.
posterior
the superimposed coronoid and radial fossa of the anterior humerus form the _____ fat pads.
Anterior
the ______ fat pad is positioned anterior to and parallel with the anterior aspect of the proximal radius.
Supinator
When the elbow is flexed 90 degrees for the lateral projection, what fat pads can be seen?
Anterior and Supinator
the anterior fat pad resembles a
tear drop
the SID for upper extremities is
40
when doing a PA projection of the digits, the ____ side of the hand should be on the IR
palmar
When radiographing the digits which digit should be centered to the IR?
the digit under examination.
fat pads are usually an indication for an
elbow injury
The routine projections for digits, hand and wrist are
PA
Oblique
Lateral
where does a boxer’s fracture occur?
5th metacarpal bones
we do a PA oblique hand to demonstrate
joint spaces
when doing a lateral hand with the ulnar surface to the IR, we call it
lateromedial
the AP oblique hand can be done to look for
arthritis
the first CMC joint is classified as ______, and ______.
synovial
saddle type
articulations between the bases of the metacarpals and the carpal bones is the
carpometacarpal (CMC) joints
the second to fifth CMC joints are _____ types
gliding
the articulations between the carpal bones are the
intercarpal joints
the articulation between the carpals and the distal radius is the
radiocarpal joint
the elbow joint is a ______ type joint that allows flexion and extension
hinge
the shoulder joint is a _____ and ______ type joint.
Ball and Socket
what is the proximal row of the carpal bones from lateral to medial?
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
what is the distal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial?
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
the area between the distal and middle phalanges is called the
distal interphalages
the are between the middle and proximal phalanges is called
proximal interphalanges
for the 2nd-5th digits, the CR will enter at what area of the affected digit?
Proximal interphalange (PIP) joint
for the 2nd-5th digits, the CR will be directed
perpendicular
when doing a PA Oblique of the digits, the digit will be rotated ____ degrees.
45
The digits should be _______ to the IR when doing a PA oblique
Parallel
When doing an AP thumb, the hand will be in a _______ ______ rotation.
Extreme Medial
For an AP thumb, the CR will be perpendicular to the _____ joint
MCP
Where does the CR enter the third digit for the PA projection?
3rd PIP joint
which surface of the hand is on the IR when doing a PA hand?
palmar surface
The CR will enter _________ to the ____ joint for a PA hand.
perpendicular
3rd MCP
when doing a PA oblique hand, the hand is at a _____ degree angle.
45
how is the hand rotated when doing a PA oblique?
Laterally
For a PA oblique wrist, the Cr will enter at what area of the wrist?
Perpendicular to midcarpals
what is a Fan lateral used for?
Phalange fractures
a Lateral view is used for _______ fractures.
metacarpal
What is the name of the method when the IR is tilted 20 degrees with the CR at the scaphoid?
Stecher method
During the Stecher method, _____ is angled and not the _____.
IR
Tube
what method is used for imaging the carpal tunnel?
Gaynor-hart method or Tangential
For the Gaynor-hart method (tangential), how many degrees is the CR angle?
25-30
how is the hand positioned in the tangential method?
hyperextended with digits pulled back.
the CR is centered to the __________ for the Gaynor-hart method?
3rd metacarpal
The Radius is located on the ____ side.
thumb
The Ulna is located on the _____ side.
Pinky
which carpal bone must be seen on the AP projection of the thumb?
trapezium
which bone of the forearm is on the medial side?
Ulna
which bone of the forearm is on the lateral side?
Radius
Is the Olecranon process on the Ulna or Radius?
Ulna
The Olecranon process is on the _____ end of the Ulna.
proximal
Is the Olecranon process located anteriorly or posteriorly in the anatomic position?
posteriorly
Which bone is the coronoid process on?
Ulna
the Coronoid process is located on the _____ end of the Ulna.
Proximal
Is the Coronoid process located anteriorly or posteriorly in the anatomic position?
Anteriorly
Is the radial head located proximal or distally?
proximal
is the Ulnar head located proximal or distally?
Distally
what part of the humerus articulates with the radial head?
Capitulum
for the AP of the forearm, is the hand supinated or pronated?
Supinated
for the AP of the forearm, are the humeral epicondyles parallel or perpendicular?
Parallel
For a lateral forearm, the elbow is flexed ____ degrees.
90
the hand is _____ for the lateral forearm.
Lateral
for the Lateral forearm, the CR is _________ to the IR.
Perpendicular
for the lateral forearm, the humeral epicondyles are perpendicular or parallel to the IR?
Perpendicular
For the AP elbow, the hand is pronated or supinated?
supinated
Are the Humeral epicondyles perpendicular or parallel to the IR during an AP elbow?
Parallel
for the Lateral elbow, the elbow is flexed ___ degrees.
90
The forearm is resting on the ____ surface or the lateral elbow.
Ulnar
For the lateral elbow, are the humeral epicondyles perpendicular or parallel to the IR?
Perpendicular
The elbow oblique is medially ___ degrees.
45
the elbow oblique is lateral ___ degrees?
45
the elbow medial oblique demonstrated what structure?
coronoid process
the elbow lateral oblique demonstrates what structures?
Radial head
Neck
Capitulum
How many images are made for the partial flexion of an AP elbow?
2
Why would partial flexion projections of the elbow be made?
when patient cannot extend the arm
The coyle method that has the CR angled 45 degrees toward shoulder will demonstrate which structure best?
Radial head
Where should the top boarder of the IR or light field be placed for a lateral humerus?
Approximately 1 1/2 inches above humeral head
for a lateral humerus, the elbow should be flexed at ___ degrees and palm of hand on ___ if possible
90
hip
in the lateral humerus, the CR is ________ to mid-portion of the humerus and centered to the IR
Perpendicular
The AP forearm, AP elbow, and AP humerus all require the humeral epicondyles to be positioned ______ with the IR.
Parallel
which projection of the elbow demonstrates the olecranon in profile?
lateral
what structure is in profile on the lateral side of the proximal humerus on the AP projection of the humerus?
Greater Tubercle
what is the largest bone on the distal row of the carpals?
capitate
The gaynord-hart method is looking carpal tunnel in which nerve?
Median
how do you rotate the hand for Ulnar deviation?
toward the pinky or ulna
what method is used for carpal tunnel?
Gaynor-Hart
Ulnar deviation can have an angle of ___-____ degrees if the scaphoid needs to be seen
10-15
there are ___ joints of the upper limbs
10
The 10 joints of the upper limbs are _______ tissue and _____ moveable
synovial
freely
The first digit is a ______ joint.
Saddle
The _____ is the only saddle joint.
thumb
