Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve - What is this known as?

A

Law of specific nerve energies

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2
Q

What does light enter the eye through?

A

Pupil

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3
Q

What is a layer of photoreceptors & glial cells that capture incoming photons & transmit them along neuronal pathways for the brain to perceive a visual picture?

A

Retina

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4
Q

Where do bipolar cells send their messages?

A

Ganglion cells

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5
Q

What do ganglion cells form?

A

Optic nerve

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6
Q

What is a blind spot?

A

The point in the eye with no receptors, only exit axons & blood vessels

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7
Q

The tiny area specialized for acute, detailed vision, like reading this book, is known as the _

A

Fovea

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8
Q

What responds to low light?

A

Rods

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9
Q

What responds to bright light & is essential for color vision?

A

Cones

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10
Q

Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are known as

A

Photopigments

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11
Q

What is the Trichromatic theory?

A

Theorizes that we perceive color through the rates of response by red blue & green cones that are each sensitive to a different set of wavelengths; The combos of red, green, & blue produce all colors we’re able to see/perceive. Light from an object will excite long-wave cones stronger than the other waves

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12
Q

What does the opponent process theory state?

A

We perceive colors in terms of opposites; Negative color afterimage is an effect of the opponent process theory (If you stare at a red paper, then look at a yellow paper, you’ll see red on the yellow page because of the continuous exposure to the red color).

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13
Q

What is the retinex theory

A

cortex compares info from parts of the retina to determine brightness/color. Explains “color constancy” which is the ability to distinguish colors, despite lighting changes. If you wear green tinted shades, you’ll still be able to identify a banana as yellow

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14
Q

Why does color vision deficiency happen?

A

People with certain genes fail to develop one type of cone or develop an abnormal type of cone

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15
Q

What makes us able to see?

A

Light strikes the retina, causing it to send a message to your brain

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16
Q

What’s the route from retinal receptors to the brain?

A

Bipolar > ganglion > axon

17
Q

Why is vision most acute at the fovea?

A

Each receptor in the fovea has a direct line to the brain

18
Q

Where do most ganglion cell axons go?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

19
Q

An area in visual space that inhibits or excites a cell is a _

A

Receptive field

20
Q

The ability to respond in limited ways to visual info without perceiving it consciously is known as _

A

Blindsight

21
Q

What is a cell with a receptive field w/fixed excitatory & inhibitory zones called?

A

Simple cell

22
Q

What do hypercomplex cells have?

A

A strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptor field

23
Q

The discrepancy between what the left & right eye can see is known as _

A

Retinal disparity

24
Q

A lazy eye is known as

A

Strabismus

25
What causes astigmatism?
The eyeball not being spherical
26
What do horizontal cells in the retina do?
Inhibit bipolar cells
27
Cells in the _ learn to recognize meaningful objects & recognizes them despite changes in position or view angle
Inferior temporal cortex
28
An inability to identify or describe the use of objects despite satisfactory vision is _
Visual agnosia
29
An inability to recognize faces is known as
Prosopagnosia
30
What is the ventral stream specialized for?
Detailed object identity
31
If someone can identify an object but doesn’t know where they are, where is the brain damage?
Parietal cortex