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Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is it when you have the same genes on your two copies of some chromosome?

A

Homozygous

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2
Q

If you have an unmatched pair of genes you are _ for that gene

A

Heterozygous

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3
Q

A recessive gene shows its effects only in what condition?

A

If the gene is homozygous

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4
Q

What genes are present in both sexes but mainly active in one sex? (ex - chest hair on men or breast size on women)

A

Sex-limited genes

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5
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A heritable change in a DNA molecule

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6
Q

A heritable change in a DNA molecule

A

Monozygotic; Dizygotic

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7
Q

The genetic inability to metabolize phenylalanine is known as _

A

Phenylketonuria

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8
Q

How does a gene influence behavior?

A

By producing a protein that interacts with the rest of the body chemistry & environment

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9
Q

_ is a change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population

A

Evolution

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10
Q

An action that benefits someone other than the actor is called a/an _

A

Altruistic behavior

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11
Q

What does a microdeletion remove?

A

Part of a chromosome

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12
Q

: How does epigenetic change differ from a mutation?

A

An epigenetic change alters gene activity without replacing it

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13
Q

How does adding a methyl or acetyl group to a histone alter gene activity?

A

Methyl turns genes off, acetyl accelerates gene activation

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14
Q

What is responsible for evolutionary change in a species?

A

People with certain genes reproduce more often than average

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15
Q

_ Is the production of new cells

A

Proliferation

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16
Q

What is the term for the formation of synapses?

A

Synaptogenesis

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17
Q

The process by which glia produce insulating fatty sheaths that speed transmission in many vertebrate axons is known as _

A

Myelination

18
Q

When one of the Sympathetic system’s neurons forms a synapse onto a muscle, that muscle delivers a protein called _ that promotes survival & growth of the axon

A

Nerve growth factor

19
Q

A chemical that promotes the survival & activity of a neuron is a _

A

Neurotrophin

20
Q

In lab rats, an enriched environment promotes growth in axons & dendrites - Why is this?

A

Animals are more active in an enriched environment & this exercise promotes growth of axons & dendrites

21
Q

Musicians cramp is also known as _

A

Focal hand dystonia

22
Q

True or false: In old age, many neurons lose some of their synapses & the remaining synapses change slower than before in response to experiences

A

True

23
Q

True or false: In early brain development, the muscle movements occur before sensory systems develop

A

True

24
Q

Which areas do new neurons develop in during adulthood?

A

Hippocampus & basil ganglia

25
Q

If a person is born blind, what happens to the occipital (visual) cortex?

A

Its cells become responsive to touch or hearing

26
Q

What causes musicians cramp?

A

Rewiring of the cerebral cortex

27
Q

What is the most likely biological explanation for increased risky behavior in adolescents?

A

Increased activity in brain areas that anticipate reward

28
Q

What is the most common cause of Alzheimer’s in young people?

A

Closed head injury/a sharp blow to the head

29
Q

Temporary interruption of normal blood flow to a brain area is _

A

A stroke/cerebrovascular accident

30
Q

What type of stroke is the result of a blood clot or other obstruction in an artery

A

Ischemia stroke

31
Q

What type of stroke is the result of a ruptured artery?

A

Hemorrhage stroke

32
Q

What are the similarities in the two types of stroke?

A

Both impair the sodium-potassium pump and lead to edema (fluid accumulation)

33
Q

What is the difference in the two types of stroke?

A

In ischemic strokes, neurons deprived of blood lose oxygen & glucose supplies; in hemorrhagic strokes, neurons have extra chemicals

34
Q

What drug is good for ischemia & breaking up blood clots?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

35
Q

How soon after a stroke should a patient receive tPA?

A

4.5 hours after a stroke

36
Q

Why is tPA not helpful in cases of hemorrhage?

A

Hemorrhage strokes result from a ruptured blood vessel, not a blood clot, & tPA breaks up blood clots

37
Q

After a cell loses input from an axon, what does it secrete to induce other axons to form collateral sprouts?

A

Neurotrophins

38
Q

In what species can axons regrow in the spinal cord?

A

Fish

39
Q

What is the purpose of dopamine stimulants for a stroke patient?

A

To combat diaschisis

40
Q

What can decrease the damage caused by strokes in lab rats but physicians haven’t tried with people?

A

Decreased body temp & cannabinoids

41
Q

Where does denervation supersensitivity take place?

A

At synapses

42
Q

What causes phantom limb experience?

A

Reorganization of the sensory cortex

Behavioral Neuroscience (6 decks)

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