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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia
Radial glia

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2
Q

What was the work of Nobel prize winner Santiago Ramon y Cajal?

A

He proved the brain consists of individual cells, which are now called neurons

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3
Q

What structure is responsible for synthesizing protein molecules?

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

All neurons have __

A

a soma (cell body)

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5
Q

What is the dendrite’s surface lined with?

A

Specialized synaptic receptors, where the dendrite receives info from other receptors

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6
Q

What increases the surface that’s available for synapses?

A

Dendritic spines

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7
Q

What axons do not have myelin sheaths?

A

Invertebrate axons

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8
Q

What is the end of each axon branch called & what is the function?

A

A presynaptic terminal, where the axon releases its chemicals

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9
Q

Every sensory neuron is

A

Afferent

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10
Q

Every motor neuron is

A

Efferent

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11
Q

Where do glia cells outnumber neurons?

A

The cerebral cortex

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12
Q

What type of glial cell takes up the ions & transmitters released by axons & synchronizes closely related neurons to enable their axons to send messages in waves

A

Astrocytes

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13
Q

What type of glial cell is responsible for dilating blood vessels & generating rhythms, like your heartbeat, and is important for learning & memory?

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

What type of glial cells multiply & act as a part of the immune system after brain damage to remove dead or dying neurons?

A

Microglia

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15
Q

What type of glial cells produce myelin, which is necessary for saltatory conduction in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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16
Q

What type of glial cells produce myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

What type of glial cells guide the migration of neurons & their axons/dendrites during embryonic development & can differentiate into neurons?

A

Radial glia

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18
Q

What type of axon brings information to a structure?

A

Afferent axon

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19
Q

What type of axon carries information away from a structure?

A

Efferent axon

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20
Q

What are gaps/interruptions in myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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21
Q

What type of neuron receives excitation through its dendrites, conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle, and has its soma located in the spinal cord?

A

Motor neuron

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22
Q

What type of neuron is specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation?

A

Sensory neuron

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23
Q

What is a network of thin tubes that transports newly synthesized proteins to other locations that some ribosomes are attached to?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

What is the structure that contains chromosomes

25
What receives information & transmits it to other cells?
Neurons
26
What is an axon?
A thin fiber that conveys an impulse toward other neurons, an organ, or a muscle.
27
How fast a drug takes effect depends on what?
How readily it dissolves in fats & crosses the blood-brain barrier
28
What is a protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain?
Active transport
29
Which chemicals cross the blood-brain barrier by active transport?
Glucose & amino acids
30
Why is chemotherapy difficult to treat?
Most chemotherapy drugs fail to cross the blood-brain barrier
31
What does the body need to use glucose?
Thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1.
32
What does prolonged thiamine deficiency lead to?
Neuron death & Korsakoff’s Syndrome, which is marked by severe memory impairments
33
What are the major parts of a neuron?
Cell body (Soma), dendrites, an axon with branches, and presynaptic terminals
34
What can cross the blood-brain barrier freely?
Lipid/fat soluble molecules, like barbiturate drugs, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, & certain hormones (insulin)
35
Neurons rely heavy on __, which is the only nutrient that crosses the blood-brain barrier in large quantities
Glucose
36
What is the brain’s main energy source?
Glucose
37
What does the membrane maintain while at rest?
An electrical gradient, also known as polarization
38
A difference in voltage is called
Resting potential
39
What does the membrane have that allows some chemicals to pass more freely than others?
Selective permeability
40
What transports sodium ions out of the cell, while drawing potassium cells into it?
Sodium-potassium pump
41
What type of transport requires energy?’
Active transport
42
What makes the sodium-potassium pump effective?
The selective permeability of the membrane, preventing sodium ions that were pumped out from leaking back in, therefore increasing the electrical gradient across the membrane
43
What makes sodium more concentrated on the outside than the inside, so sodium is more likely to enter the cell?
Concentration gradient
44
What prepares the neuron to rapidly respond?
Resting potential
45
Messages sent by axons are called
Action potentials
46
What is it called when the negative charge inside a neuron is increased
Hyperpolarization
47
What is it called when you reduce polarization toward zero & sodium and potassium pumps open?
Depolarization
48
What happens when an action potential reaches the threshold of excitation?
Sodium channels open
49
What law states that the amplitude & velocity of an action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it, & puts constraints on how an axon can send messages?
All-or-none law
50
What happens at the peak of an action potential?
Sodium channels close
51
Immediately after an action potential, the membrane enters a __, during which it’s resistant to starting another action potential
Refractory period
52
What type of neurons have no axon & convey information over short distances?
Local neurons
53
When the membrane is at rest, where are the sodium & potassium ions?
Sodium ions are concentrated outside, potassium ions are concentrated inside
54
True or false: People only use some of their brain, but not all of it
False
55
What is a bundle of axons traveling together called?
Nerve

Behavioral Neuroscience (6 decks)

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