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Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia
Radial glia

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2
Q

What was the work of Nobel prize winner Santiago Ramon y Cajal?

A

He proved the brain consists of individual cells, which are now called neurons

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3
Q

What structure is responsible for synthesizing protein molecules?

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

All neurons have __

A

a soma (cell body)

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5
Q

What is the dendrite’s surface lined with?

A

Specialized synaptic receptors, where the dendrite receives info from other receptors

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6
Q

What increases the surface that’s available for synapses?

A

Dendritic spines

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7
Q

What axons do not have myelin sheaths?

A

Invertebrate axons

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8
Q

What is the end of each axon branch called & what is the function?

A

A presynaptic terminal, where the axon releases its chemicals

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9
Q

Every sensory neuron is

A

Afferent

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10
Q

Every motor neuron is

A

Efferent

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11
Q

Where do glia cells outnumber neurons?

A

The cerebral cortex

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12
Q

What type of glial cell takes up the ions & transmitters released by axons & synchronizes closely related neurons to enable their axons to send messages in waves

A

Astrocytes

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13
Q

What type of glial cell is responsible for dilating blood vessels & generating rhythms, like your heartbeat, and is important for learning & memory?

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

What type of glial cells multiply & act as a part of the immune system after brain damage to remove dead or dying neurons?

A

Microglia

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15
Q

What type of glial cells produce myelin, which is necessary for saltatory conduction in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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16
Q

What type of glial cells produce myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

What type of glial cells guide the migration of neurons & their axons/dendrites during embryonic development & can differentiate into neurons?

A

Radial glia

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18
Q

What type of axon brings information to a structure?

A

Afferent axon

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19
Q

What type of axon carries information away from a structure?

A

Efferent axon

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20
Q

What are gaps/interruptions in myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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21
Q

What type of neuron receives excitation through its dendrites, conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle, and has its soma located in the spinal cord?

A

Motor neuron

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22
Q

What type of neuron is specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation?

A

Sensory neuron

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23
Q

What is a network of thin tubes that transports newly synthesized proteins to other locations that some ribosomes are attached to?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

What is the structure that contains chromosomes

A

Nucleus

25
Q

What receives information & transmits it to other cells?

A

Neurons

26
Q

What is an axon?

A

A thin fiber that conveys an impulse toward other neurons, an organ, or a muscle.

27
Q

How fast a drug takes effect depends on what?

A

How readily it dissolves in fats & crosses the blood-brain barrier

28
Q

What is a protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain?

A

Active transport

29
Q

Which chemicals cross the blood-brain barrier by active transport?

A

Glucose & amino acids

30
Q

Why is chemotherapy difficult to treat?

A

Most chemotherapy drugs fail to cross the blood-brain barrier

31
Q

What does the body need to use glucose?

A

Thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1.

32
Q

What does prolonged thiamine deficiency lead to?

A

Neuron death & Korsakoff’s Syndrome, which is marked by severe memory impairments

33
Q

What are the major parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body (Soma), dendrites, an axon with branches, and presynaptic terminals

34
Q

What can cross the blood-brain barrier freely?

A

Lipid/fat soluble molecules, like barbiturate drugs, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, & certain hormones (insulin)

35
Q

Neurons rely heavy on __, which is the only nutrient that crosses the blood-brain barrier in large quantities

A

Glucose

36
Q

What is the brain’s main energy source?

A

Glucose

37
Q

What does the membrane maintain while at rest?

A

An electrical gradient, also known as polarization

38
Q

A difference in voltage is called

A

Resting potential

39
Q

What does the membrane have that allows some chemicals to pass more freely than others?

A

Selective permeability

40
Q

What transports sodium ions out of the cell, while drawing potassium cells into it?

A

Sodium-potassium pump

41
Q

What type of transport requires energy?’

A

Active transport

42
Q

What makes the sodium-potassium pump effective?

A

The selective permeability of the membrane, preventing sodium ions that were pumped out from leaking back in, therefore increasing the electrical gradient across the membrane

43
Q

What makes sodium more concentrated on the outside than the inside, so sodium is more likely to enter the cell?

A

Concentration gradient

44
Q

What prepares the neuron to rapidly respond?

A

Resting potential

45
Q

Messages sent by axons are called

A

Action potentials

46
Q

What is it called when the negative charge inside a neuron is increased

A

Hyperpolarization

47
Q

What is it called when you reduce polarization toward zero & sodium and potassium pumps open?

A

Depolarization

48
Q

What happens when an action potential reaches the threshold of excitation?

A

Sodium channels open

49
Q

What law states that the amplitude & velocity of an action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it, & puts constraints on how an axon can send messages?

A

All-or-none law

50
Q

What happens at the peak of an action potential?

A

Sodium channels close

51
Q

Immediately after an action potential, the membrane enters a __, during which it’s resistant to starting another action potential

A

Refractory period

52
Q

What type of neurons have no axon & convey information over short distances?

A

Local neurons

53
Q

When the membrane is at rest, where are the sodium & potassium ions?

A

Sodium ions are concentrated outside, potassium ions are concentrated inside

54
Q

True or false: People only use some of their brain, but not all of it

A

False

55
Q

What is a bundle of axons traveling together called?

A

Nerve

Behavioral Neuroscience (6 decks)

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